Suji's+World


 * May 25, 2012**
 * Afghanistan Profile**


 * 1979** December-Communist governments are invaded and supported by the Soviet Red Army.


 * 1985** Mujahideen forms alliances with Pakistan against Soviet forces; many fled to Iran or Pakistan, assuming a war was about to break out.


 * 1988** Peace treaty is signed between Afghanistan, USSR, US, and Pakistan; Soviet troops leaves the nation.


 * 1997** Two thirds of the country is controlled by the Taliban as Pakistan and Saudi Arabia accepts them as rulers.


 * 1999** In order to trial Osama bin Laden, UN enforces air embargoes and financial sanctions


 * 2004** The new constitution, which power is mostly focused to the president, is adopted by Loya Jirga. Hamid Karzai gets elected as the president.


 * 2009** Nato countries decides to raise military and commitments in Afghanistan.


 * 2009** President Obama implements a strategy to combat the situation; support for civilian development, as well as training of the army and police will be provided.


 * 2011** October Afghanistan and India compromises partnership in order to increase security and development.


 * 2011** President Karzai decides to negotiate a military partnership with the US for 10 years; when foreign troops leave the country, US troops will remain after 2014.


 * May 23, 2012**
 * The Korean War/ The Vietnam War**

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 * May 22, 2012**
 * World War II was inevitable**


 * May 21, 2012**
 * Causes of The Cold War**
 * Although US, Britain and the Soviet Union were on the same side fighting against Germany during WW2, frictions were caused as the western allies did not trust the Soviets for the peace treaty it has made before with Germany. The Soviets were angered when the Soviets had to do most of the fighting in Europe due to the long period of time that Britain and US took to invade German-occupied France.
 * US and the Soviet Union started to grow doubt in the actions that each other took; US, who believed in democracy, got anxious as the Soviets had more and more states to merge with them, expanding their power and territory. Soviets, on the other hand, feared US as they managed to develop the atomic bomb.
 * After the Yalta conference, US and Britain was alarmed as they noticed the different ideology that the Soviets had in establishing a government; communism.They also got anxious as the Soviets made attempts to spread communism.
 * US's new president, President Truman, showed less sympathy and hospitality towards the Soviets; when Truman received the news of Poland's set up of a pro-Soviet government, he sent a strongly worded protest to Stalin.
 * The relationship between two countries got colder;they started to be more competitive, which caused the arms race, space race, and making defenses against potential attacks.

A. Look at the photographs opposite. 1. Describe in your own words wat happened to this house. The house has been hit by a nuclear bomb. 2. Use your imagination to describe ewhat would happen if a whole town was hit by an explosion like this. Not only every infrastructure would be destroyed, every single living thing including humans would be dead or severely wounded.
 * The Cold War pg. 19**

B. Look at the photogrpah above. 1. Why do you think these people wanted the government to ban the bomb? After witnessing the horrendous effects of the nuclear bombs, these people did not want such an atrocity to repeat in the human history. 2. The picture shows that men and women, young and old, wanted to ban the bomb. Why do you think there was such as a wide range of people in CND? If a nation used a bomb, than every single person living in the area disregarding their race and age would be either dead or severely injured; because everyone was affected, there was a wide range of people who cared and was against atomic bombs. 3. What arguments were there against banning nuclear weapons? US's acquisition of nuclear weapons would deter Soviets in threatening US.


 * Pg 530~537**
 * United Nations || In June 1945, US, Soviet Union, and 48 countries joined UN, an international peacekeeping organization that protected member nations against conflict and aggression by investigation and settling disputes by voting. ||
 * The Marshall Plan || U.S’s aid to the European countries after the WW2; this provided food, machinery, and other essential materials necessary to rebuild Western Europe. ||
 * The Warsaw Pact || In 1955, Soviet Union formed alliances with East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania, in response of the NATO. ||


 * May 17, 2012**
 * The Aftermath of WW2**

Do you think it was right for the Allies to try only Nazi and Japanese leaders for war crimes? Under the Nuremberg Trial, and the orders from General MacArthur, several members of the Nazi and Japanese leaders were executed. I believe that the charging of the war crimes should rely on the fact of who caused the war, who violated the treaty and who made the most damage. As Japan and Germany were the two main countries who satisfy those three criteria, it is right for the Allies to charge only the Nazis and Japanese for war crimes.The first criteria mentions who has caused the war. Both Germany and Japan invades other nations without a reasonable justification. The second criteria mentions the violation of treaties. The Treaty of Versailles directly mentions the banning of military force in Germany. Hitler violates this treaty by gathering members for his SS and SA army. The Treaty of Versailles also mentions the prohibition of Japan invading other countries. During the WW, although Japan did not receive any threats or insults from other nations, they bomb and invade a number of countries in Asia. This leads us to the last criteria, which asks for the nation which made the most destruction. Both German and Japan invades a number of countries, including Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Britain, Guam, Hong Kong, Borneo, and etc. Moreover, to the nations that they conquered, Japan shows unimaginable inhumanity. U.S's bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was essential to stop such atrocities; peaceful negotiations was not a solution. Nations who suffered under Japan's atrocities still did not receive any apologies yet, although years has passed since the war ended. On the other hand, although apologized, German was also infamous for its horrendous suppress of the Jews. Therefore, as Japan and Germany are the only nations who: 1. was the major cause of WW2, 2. violated treaties and 3. made most destruction, they should be the only nations who should be charged for war crimes pertaining to World War two.


 * May 15, 2012**
 * The Holocaust**

Twins: The twin's experience reflects the horrendous treatment that the Jews received during WW2. According to the video, after their properties were confiscated, they were interned in a ghetto and were forced to move into the Auschwitz. I was shocked how the Germans treated the Jews as experimental rats, disregarding their human rights; even people present day are unwilling to be 'used' in an experiment despite the high pay that they get. I was touched when I read how their mother gave them her portion of the bread even though she wasn't able to eat a sufficient amount; this made me look back into myself, when I complained about the menu of the dinner. I was relived when they said that they are now having a great life with two adorable twins.

Brothers: Watching this video, I felt both horrified and moved at the same time. I was terrified on how the Germans could be so brutal to the innocent children. I was disappointed in how they would be ferocious to the vulnerable, who wouldn't even think of, and given the chance to oppose them. However I was astounded when the speaker's brother managed to show bravery by successfully running away. I was moved when Uri Chanoch did not give away his brother's location even when he was severely getting beaten by the Germans, and was relieved that his brother was not caught. I was glad to read that he reunited with his brother after he successfully escaped from the camp.

Mordecai Eldar: This video showed two different things; the cruelty of the Germans and the grief of those who survived. Looking at the picture of three men who were almost starving to death, I could feel the desperateness of the Jews for food and rest. Even though I was not with them, I could feel how distressing and miserable the experience would have been. Although the speaker regarded himself being unrighteous, I believe that he has done what he could have done at the most in such situation, and do not think he should feel guilty for surviving.

Zanne Farbstein: I was shocked how the Germans forced young children to labor in which ordinary men and women should have done. I was disgusted how corpses were burnt day and night in 5 crematories. When the crematories filled up, they started to throw children into pits and burned them. How inhumane could they be? Rather than being sad, I was angry. I was angry of their barbaric act, how the other nations weren't there to support the Jews, and how the only thing I can do for them is show respect and sympathy for them.

Yaakov Hollander: This video was a great example in a typical Jew who managed to survive to Holocaust, but suffered under the loss of family, loss of property, and the loss of life. His grief of not saving the cake he got for his brother was heartbreaking. Him explaining the experience as one of his most difficult experience let me look back to myself, where I trashed food that I was too full to eat. I was relieved when I read that he was able to make a living with music, and stay optimistic throughout his remaining life.

Sophie Engelsman: The Holocaust was bad enough for the living; it was worse for the sick. After Sophie Engelsman was evacuated from her hometown, she was sent to the Westerbork Transit Camp where she worked as a slave laborer. I was terrified when she narrated her experience of burying the people that the Germans murdered. Due to typhus,when she was finally liberated, she weighted 81 pounds. I was shocked when she said that liberation meant nothing to her. However I was relieved when I read that she was one of the fortunate who were able to reunite with her family.

Eva Brown: Watching the videos above, and the last video which was about Eva Brown's experience in surviving the Holocaust, I felt hatred towards Hitler, respect and sympathy for the Jews, and disappointment towards the other nations who weren't there to help. I realized how dangerous fascism could be, in terms of targeting one minority group in order to unify a nation. These Jews were discriminated, taken away their rights to live, and were forcibly suppressed with violence. This video has warned and ensured that such atrocities should never happen again.


 * May 14, 2012**

__**pg 511~513 Guided Reading**__ __**Interpreting Charts**__ 1. Which of the nations listed in the chart suffered the greatest human costs? According to the chart, USSR suffered the greatest human costs compared to the other nations. 2. How does U.S spending on the war compare with the spending of Germany and Japan? U.S spent far more on the war compared with Germany and Japan. I think this is caused by the Manhattan Project, which required a number of men as well as technology, and their use of atomic bombs on Japan.
 * Costs of World War II: Allies and Axis**

Although there were several factors have caused the increase in number of deaths in WW2 the biggest contribution to this result was the introduction of deadly weapons. The development of technology led the world to invent more powerful, dreadful weapons, including the atomic bomb. Although Germans had developed the atomic bomb, the one who actually used it was U.S. After receiving the news that Germany has developed a deadly weapon, cooperating with some Jews who moved out of Germany and other several very talented scientists, U.S successfully completed the Manhattan Project, the project that made the world's greatest weapon, the atomic bomb. The significant increase in the number of deaths reflects the horrendous use of atomic bombs on Japan.
 * Military Casualties, World War I and World War II**
 * 1. What factors may have contributed to the increased number of deaths in World War II over World War I?**

__**Document Based Questions**__ The Polish refugees fled from the Germans in an unpleasant, horrendous condition. According to a refugee who was present in the flee, families were evacuated and were separated from each other, the majority were desperate for help as they were destitute. The refugees were provided with the minimum amount of supplies; the only thing they could do was wait and hope for the people to bring better news.The experience of being a refugee was utterly horrifying.
 * 1. Under what conditions did the Polish refugees flee from the Germans?**

After the bombing on the Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt ordered his army to evacuate all Japanese Americans from their houses and move them to the internment camps. Judging from the photograph, the Japanese suffered under the intense, hostile army. Without an explanation, they were lined up against a train, threatened by the intimidating soldiers and the weapons they carried, and were forced to separate.
 * 2. Judging from the photograph, what was the government's attitude toward Japanese Americans?**


 * May 9, 2012**
 * pg 506~511 Guided Reading**

I understand how President Roosevelt might have felt furious about the incident in Pearl Harbor. I understand why he chose to evacuate the Japanese-Americans from their daily lives. At such time period, where nations had just witness the horrendous scenes that world war one produced, Japan's provocation of continuous conquering of lands would have came to a shock to the nations. However, as a student living in a somewhat more globalized society, President Roosevelt's orders does seem understandable, but is unreasonable. The sole goal of this evacuation was to prevent espionage as well as conflicts between the Japanese immigrants. First of all, I want to acknowledge the fact that most of the citizens evacuated were native-born citizens of US. Although they were ethnically Japanese, inside they were more towards being a US citizen;they grew up from its environment, exposed to America's culture more than Japan's. I believe that there would be a low possibility that such conflicts that President Roosevelt was concerned would happen, and even though it did, it is disrespectful to remove or discriminate a race for differing values. Therefore, such problems should be dealt in a more ethical manner. Next, according to the text, no Japanese-American or Japanese-Canadian was convicted to be a spy; and this fact shows that evacuation was a redundant solution in preventing espionage. Espionage would have rarely taken place where children were half of the population. For such reasons, I believe that it was unreasonable for the Japanese-Americans to suffer under the excruciating conditions in the camp.
 * May 7, 2012**
 * The Unfairness of Japan Internment**

1. What wartime images do you recognize from your study of the war? Throughout the time this cartoon depicts the daily life of a German soldier during ww2. The cartoons starts with a group of soldiers with swastika on their arms marching down. Donald duck secretly pours a cup of coffee, which implies that he is taking more than he is supposed to, in his situation where coffee is rationed. After he has his share he goes to the factory where he works for hours completing the same task over and over again, but driven by the supervisor to work faster. Every time Hitler's picture comes out of the conveyor belt, Donald duck salutes, yelling 'Heil Hitler'. At the end of the cartoon, Donald duck wakes up, finding himself in US-flag-style pajamas. He hugs his replica of the Statue of Liberty, smiling in joy that he only had a bad dream.
 * Walt Disney War Time Propaganda**

2. What are some of the messages of this cartoon? Basically this cartoon informs the civilians of the reality of the Nazis, such as how they drive their soldiers to produce vast amount of armaments. The cartoon concludes with Donald duck in US flag pajamas, sighing in relief that he only had a nightmare, which implies that 'US is an exception and is strongly opposed to such atrocities'.

3. What do you think companies like Disney and Warner Brothers produce these cartoons during the war? I think this cartoon is created in order to provoke hatred and build up nationalism among the US civilians against the Nazis. With a unified country, the more dedicated and vehement the citizens would be in fighting for their nation. I think they also wanted to criticize and make fun of the Nazis, as they illustrate them as being cruel, brutal and foolish.

Cannot view cartoon
 * Political Cartoon**


 * Life on the Home front in Britain exploration**

=
======

Children at war
1. 3,500,000 people were evacuated from their homes, not knowing their destination. 2. Threats of air raids closed down schools. 3. In case of an emergency, children carried gas masks in card board boxes.

Rationing
1.Rice, jam, biscuits, tinned food, and dried fruit were distributed depending on the points one had. 2. Each family member carried a ration book to register with a store. 3.Starting from January 1940, British enforced the rationing of food and clothes.

Women at war
1. 77,000 women volunteered to work in the Land Army. 2. Although women participated in the Armed Forces, the government stopped employing women as workers in factories were scarce; women moved to working in factories. 3. One million women served in WVS, or the Women's Voluntary Service, which drove ambulances, ran nurseries and etc.

Messages of war
1.In order to promote saving materials and resources, propaganda offered car-sharing clubs. 2. Propaganda also ensured the safety of children by encouraging them to move out of London. 3. Furthermore, propaganda offered women to take part of the war by working in factories; women were illustrated in being motherly but brave and independent.

> 1) What was Operation Sea Lion? > The Operation Sea Lion was a plan made by Hitler to invade Britain. > > 2) Why did the battle not look good for Britain? > The battle looked rather hopeless for the British as their army was forced out of Europe, which left most of its weapon behind. > > 3) What advantage did Britain have? > The Germans would have to invade over the sky over the channels. Britain was also supplied with extra air crew from all over the world.They also had a secret weapon, radar, which could detect distance, speed and height of an air craft; this was considered vital information for the army, as they could detect their enemy. > > 4) What was Germany's mistake? > In late August 1940, Hitler ordered attacks on Berlin, London and other cities. However despite the big damage, the morals of British citizens were not faltered. > > 5) What was the impact of the bombing of London? How did the bombing of London aid Britain's cause? > Hundreds of innocent civilians died while their homes and factories got damaged. On the other hand, royal air forces had time to recover; stronger and more sophisticated air crafts were produced. As a result, while Britain had 13 of their air crafts shot down, German had 60. > > 6) Why was the outcome of the battle of Britain significant for the Allies? > Despite the fact that Britain had a weaker military, they were able to successfully defend their nation from the German invasion; Hitler's invasion plans were postponed. >
 * May 4, 2012**
 * Podcast Q&A**
 * The Daily Scramble**

There are two main factors that contributed to the victory of the Britain in the Battle of Britain despite their weak military compared to the Germans; nationalism and the use of new technology. As a result of their strenuous effort, Britain managed to postpone the invasion plans of Germany. The first factor for their victory was extreme form of patriotism. Along with German's bombing, mass media and propaganda motivated civilians to participate. Men volunteered in various ways such as joining the Civil Defense, Air Raid Warden, Local Defense Volunteers, Home Guard or even raising fund for Spitfire airplanes. Women were also involved; thousands of families and children were evacuated from their home with the help of these women. Some were involved in the WAAF (Women's Auxiliary Air Force). Without the enthusiastic participation from the civilians, Britain would have surrendered quicker than expected. One other factor was the involvement of new technology; radar. With the usage of radar, Britain was able to detect their enemy's planes with information collected such as the height and size of enemy formations. Because they also provided information of the location of the enemy, they did not had to waste fuel for anxiously preparing for an attack; radar provided enough time to prepare. With these two strong factors, Britain successfully defends itself from Germany.

//On the back of this paper, identify Isoroku Yamamoto and Douglas MacArthur// 1. Isoroku Yamamoto was one of the greatest naval strategist in Japan, who ordered an attack on the U.S in Hawaii. 2. Douglas MacArthur worked as the commander of the Allied land forces in the Pacific. As a leader he developed a plan that would overcome the problems of the vast distances in the Pacific, and the digging in of Japanese troops in islands across the Pacific.
 * Chapter 16 Section 2 Guided Reading**


 * Japan's Political Cartoons**

1. The first cartoon depicts the uselessness of the League of Nations. While Japan and China fights in the background, the League of Nations looks dumbfounded of what to do and how to react. They all look at US for a response, pointing at the fight, but US also does not seem how to solve the problem. This criticizes how the League of Nations are powerless and ineffective.

2. The second cartoon involves Britain and US carried by thin, fatigued Indians. This cartoon criticizes the inhumanity of Imperialism of the stronger nations in the West.

3. Japan crushing the treaty made and signed by the League of Nations exemplifies how Japan is ignoring and abandoning the contract.Despite Japan's provocation, the League of Nations could not do anything to stop them.

4. This cartoon exemplifies the invasion of Japan in the Dutch East Indies to New Guinea. As New Guinea was partially Australia, the author depicts the nation as a kangaroo.


 * Pearl Harbor**

=
1) Why did Japan attack the United States of America? Provide evidence from the source below in your answer.====== A series of events causes the relationship between Japan and U.S to exacerbate; this hatred against each other soon causes Japan to target U.S as their victim. When Japan invades Manchuria, recognizing invasion is the only way to control and maintain the large population in the relatively small area, US sides with China, supporting the Nationalist government against Japan. When Japan attacks a US navy gunboat in 1937, the public opinion of US turns against the Japanese. US soon lets pilots to volunteer in China's war against Japan, and reveals its detest against Japan by embargoing steel, scrap, iron, oil exports and general trade against Japan. Moreover, the freezing of all Japanese assets in the US worsens their conflict. As the Pacific Fleet was moved to Pearl Harbor, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor in return of U.S's insults.


 * May 1, 2012**
 * Section 1 Assessment pg 496**

2.

8.How were Napoleon’s invasion of Russia and Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union similar? Both Napoleon and Hitler were extraordinary leaders, with deadly, costly mistakes. Napoleon's invasion of Russia and Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Unions are remarkably similar, especially in the strategy, and the mistake they made from underestimating and miscalculating their plans. Napoleon marches in Russia with about 420,000 soldiers in June 1812. When Napoleon reaches Moscow, he finds the city burning; their leader, Alexander decided in advance that it would be better for the city to burn than for the enemy to take control of it. As Napoleon returns to France in disappointment, and shivering from the excruciatingly cold weather, the Russian raiders makes a surprise attack on the raggedy army. As a result, only 10,000 soldiers survived. Similarly Hitler also planned to starve the civilians in order to force a surrender. He ordered the navy to destroy warehouses in which people stored their food supply. Despite the suffering from the lack of staples, the city still managed refused to collapse. Due to the slow progress, Hitler decides to advance to Moscow, and on their way Georgi Zhukov, the Soviet General counterattacks. Making matters worse, Hitler refuses to retreat even though the temperature falls significantly. As a result of ignoring the mistake made 130 years ago, 500,000 German soldiers died. Both leader's miscalculation kills a number of their own soldiers.


 * April 29, 2012**
 * Notes on //Hitler's Germany// pg 21~25**


 * Notes on textbook pg 488~492**


 * April 25, 2012**
 * Notes on Hitler's Germany Ch.1 and 2**




 * April 23, 2012**
 * Oral Quiz #4**

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 * April 19, 2012**
 * Oral Quiz #3**

//New York Times// U.S suffers from the tragic crash of the stock market
 * April 16, 2012**
 * Station 1**
 * Station 2**

Thesis: The situation after the crash does not seem to improve over the nation.

Topic #1: Skyrocketing unemployment rate overwhelmed the decreasing work demand.

Topic #2: Millions of farmers are currently hopeless, as the vast dust storms hit Oklahoma, assuring their hopeless future in their career in the agricultural industry.

Topic #3//:// Millions of protestors assemble, shouting for jobs, throwing questions and criticism of the government's futile respond to the crisis.

//International Herald Tribune// Economic crisis spreads like an epidemic; will the Great Depression repeat again?

Thesis: Nations suffer world wide, unable to prevent the irresistible economic crisis.

Topic #1: The long line of the unemployed reflected how serious the current world economic crisis was.

Topic #2: Millions of people were spotted moving out of their hometown in search of jobs.

Topic #3: The number of current homeless hinted the irremediable situation.

Watch video & take notes
 * Station 3**

You articles were supposed to have been written as though the photos were from NOW, so should be written in the PRESENT tense. You also don't quite seem to have grasped that the photos of what's going on in the US will have implications for the work (IHT article). 9/10

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 * Oral Quiz #2**


 * April 8, 2012**
 * The Chinese Revolution and Japanese Imperialism**

How did the Treaty of Versailles add to China's problems? After World War 1, China hoped for freedom from the western power's influence. Unfortunately due to the Treaty of Versailles, instead of gaining freedom, parts of China that has been colonized by Germany were distributed to Japan. In the early 1900s, in order to resolve problems, angry Chinese rebels organized the Communist Part, under the leadership of Mao Zedong.
 * Station 1**

Japan's role in Asia in the first half of the 20th century
 * Station 2**

__Intro__ Japan used to be one of the countries not considered as one of the powerful nations. The first half of the century was the time period in which Japan slowly progressed by dominating foreign territories.

__The Japanese domination on the Korean Peninsula__ One example of their colonial domination is Korea, which has been completely occupied by 1910. The freedom of press was infringed as Korean newspapers were shut down, and the freedom of speech was suppressed as schools started to teach the Japanese language instead of Korean. Lands were taken away from farmers and distributed amongst the Japanese settlers, and factories only for Japanese were built. In return of such horrendous acts, nationalist movements such as protesting spread amongst Koreans. //Japanese language taught in Korean public schools//

__Invasion of Manchuria.__ One other example of their colonization includes China; Manchuria. In fact, this domination, also known as the Manchurian Incident, is one of the causes of WW1. After the modernization of Japan in the late 1800s to the early 1900s, world wide depression hits Japan hard on 1929. In order to circumvent such crisis, risking the criticism from the League of Nation, Japan invades Manchuria, which has been known for its sufficient amount of natural resources, in 1931. One other cause of the invasion of Manchuria was to gain enough power to compete with the Western nations for colonies in Asia, and to diminish threatening Chinese nationalist forces. About 4,000,000 of Koreans and Chinese were separated from their families and were sent out to mines and factories in Manchuria.

//Japanese invading Manchuria//

__Japan's Justification for Colonization__ After the invasion in Manchuria, a number of western nations criticized Japan for its inhumane act. Japan responded their criticism by asking the western world in return, wouldn't developing a nation full of natural resources that haven't been industrialized yet by the western power be God's will and the obligation of Japan to do so. Japan furthermore brought up who was the one who underwent inhumane colonization first, in nations such as India, South Africa and Australia, that showed no respect or sympathy for the natives. Japan stated that colonization was a natural and an inevitable act for Japan to do, as the Western powers prevented Japan from decreasing the burden of the surplus population in a relatively small country. Emigration of Japanese citizens were prevented by anti Japanese immigration policies in various nations, tariff barriers and nullification of commercial treaties prevented Japan's promotion to the world market, which pretty much left Japan to go for territorial expansion in order to stabilize their nation's population and economy. Japan further argued that these 'territorial expansion' includes using Japan's skills and labor oversees, but not warfare and colonization of foreign countries. Japan threatened that if the western world was not eager to endorse such policies, they should allow Japanese emigration and promotion of Japan to the world market.

//+map of Japan's domination (map of Asia colored Manchuria and Korea)//


 * Station 3**

Was Mao a better or worse national leader than Stalin? According to the video, Mao was responsible for over 17 million death of Chinese. However Joseph Stalin was responsible for over 40 million deaths in the Soviet Union. Because both of the leaders caused mass destruction and deaths, in order to choose who would have been a better leader would be a matter on their achievement. Therefore, I reckon that Mao was a better leader, based on his mass contribution to the Chinese economy, and the respect he gets from the citizens present day. The second video states Mao as being the leader who found people's republic of China. The citizens reckon Mao's family to sacrifice for the revolution. Citizens praises Mao for having an outstanding philosophy, and buys souvenirs in order to reminisce Mao's contributions.


 * Russian Revolution oral quiz**

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Revolutions throughout the history are caused by anger on inequality. The Russian revolution, on the other hand, was triggered by 3 major factors that fostered anger from the Russian citizens. First, due to world war one, the country itself suffered from economic crisis and loss of soldiers. Second, because Russia was still undergoing feudalism as it was half industrialized, peasants suffered under the unfair rules of the high taxes by the landowners. Although the landowners compromised to let the surfs free, due to the high price they had to pay, only minority of the peasants were actually liberated. Last but not least, due to the bad decisions made by the king who was controlled by a monk in order to cure his son with hemophilia, the civilians were further angered.
 * April 6, 2012**
 * The Cause of Russian Revolution**


 * Propaganda**



1. What is the message that this poster is trying to get out to the Russian people? I think this poster is trying to promote proud and patriotism by showing the solemn, sincere, but intimidating features of the Soviet Union. The writing under the poster, which states "Long live the armed forces of the Soviet Union!" reassures citizens defense and protection that the nation is providing them, further combating fear and raising people's trust to the government. The design of the poster which illustrates three brave men triggers young men to join the army as well.

2. Do you find this piece of propaganda to be compelling? Why or why not? I think this poster is compelling, as the general design provokes a sense of patriotism and safety from foreign threatening forces. Moreover, the wordings under the poster in red are catchy and straightforward.

How did the Treaty of Versailles reflect the different personalities and agendas of the men in power at the end of World War I? During the conference the four big nations, U.S, France, Great Britain and Italy expressed different aims for the Treaty of Versailles. As the treaty progressed on, adding more points, it started to reflect some characteristics and future plans of the powerful nations. France revealed its anxiety and hatred towards Germany by requesting Germany to pay for their ruins, disarming their army and humiliating them by asking to admit that they were the cause for the war. Britain also agreed on the point which Germany had to pay for the ruins. Germany, accepting the demands from France and Great Britain, made the requested adjustments despite the fatal effect it had on Germany's economy. This tells me how Germany wanted to circumvent further warfare. Last but not least, U.S, or more accurately Wilson, showed his vision of globalization through peaceful diplomatic relations between nations by offering the system of The League of Nations.
 * April 6, 2012**
 * p. 428 Question #2 Evaluating Decisions**

Today's Meet on Mina Rhee's wiki
 * March 8, 2012**


 * March 7, 2012**
 * Cornell notes**


 * Feb 28th 2012**
 * Cornell notes**

1. Why might Serbia have staked a claim to Bosnia and Herzegovina? Serbia might have staked a claim to Bosnia and Herzegovina due to the number of Slavic groups associated in their population. With a common identity, they might have believed that nationalism will trigger the citizens in Bosnia and Herzegovina to unite the three nations into one to fight against Austria-Hungary, Germany, and etc.
 * Map Comparison**

2. Why might Russia have been interested in helping further that claim? Russia might have been delighted to help the claim, because Russia was also in alliance with Serbia. Gathering more alliance meant more forces, which made the alliance more powerful. A powerful army meant less damage to their own individual nation, more probability to gain more power, which made it more and more plausible to win this war. Because Russia also had Slavic population, they might have been especially interested in helping the claim.

3. Why would Germany and Austria-Hungary have resisted any moves for Bosnian (used to mean Bosnia and Herzegovina) secession from Austria-Hungary? Germany and Austria Hungary would have resisted the secession of Bosnian because that meant less population and less power. I think they might have also feared that after the secession Bosnia and Herzegovina might join the other alliances, which would further make their alliance less powerful, which meant having to worry about another enemy to deal with.


 * February 16th 2012**
 * Impact of Nationalism**


 * Positive and Negative Impacts of Nationalism**

1. Do you think nationalism has had a more positive or negative impact on the world? Support your opinion with evidence. I believe that nationalism has done more harm than good to the humanity. Nationalism, principles and emotions associating patriotism, has caused a number of negative results to the society. This patriotic feelings first caused disrespect towards cultures with a minority of supporters. The number of these minorities decreased, due to the pressure that the society exerted, for them to blend in to the majority cultures. These extreme patriotic feelings led the people to turn their backs against the minority, disregarding them. Nationalism also led to the cleansing of ethnicity. Instead of forming groups in a nation, patriotism led the unity of the people, leading to the elimination of ethnic groups. These groups includes Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s. Last but not least, Nationalism led to extreme nationalism, which further resulted in warfare. Warfare was not only caused by the fierce competition between nations, but also extreme patriotism. The emerge of extreme nationalistic movements included Nazism; warfare between German and Europe resulted killing millions of innocent Jews. Although Nationalism was able to unite people in a nation, it failed to trigger cooperation between countries which further caused more tumultuous problems; it definitely has done more damage than good to the world.



//1. Using the table above, explain the characteristics of each type of Nationalistic movement in your own words.// Unification is a type of nationalist movement that amalgamates nations that are distinct politically but similar culturally. Separation includes the addition or the rebellion of nations that are culturally different. Last but not least, State-building is the form of nationalist movements when a new state is formed by a number of culturally different groups merging into a single culture.

//2. What do you think would have happened to the empires (e.g. Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire) during the rise of nationalism?// Empires including the Austrian Empire and the Ottoman Empire would have suffered from warfare during the rise of nationalism due to the conflict between discrete cultural groups.

__**Key Skill: Analyzing Political Cartoons**__ Look at the cartoon on page 261 and complete the questions. 1. What symbol does the cartoonist use for the soon-to-be nation of Italy? Italy is depicted as the King's boots;this is because the continent itself is shaped like boots and the author wanted to illustrate how the king of Sardinia is taking control of Italy.

2. How is Garibaldi portrayed? Garibaldi is portrayed as a stern man kneeling down to help the king to put on his 'boots'. This symbolizes the final steps of the unification of Italy, which is Garibaldi the nationalist giving the lands he took control of to the king.

3. What does the title of the cartoon say about the cartoonist's view of Italian unification? We can tell that the author is proud of the Italian unification, as he names the cartoon as "Right Leg in the Boot at Last." This title can be paraphrased as "Controlling the Italian peninsula at last." This tells us that the cartoonist was waiting for the control of the continent, and as the goal has been finally achieved, the author is finally satisfied.

__**CASE STUDY: Germany**__ On your own, read about the unification of Germany (online textbook pgs 261-263). 1) Create a flow chart that shows the key events that led the unification of Germany. =**↓**=

2) Looking at the map on page 263, answer the two geography skillbuilder questions 1. What was unusual about the territory of Prussia as it existed in 1865? Prussia was divided into two large separate areas. It covered up most of the Eastern portion of Germany, partial of Western Germany, as well as a small piece of land in Southern Germany; the lands are separate from each other.

2. After 1865, what year saw the biggest expansion of Prussian territory? After 1865, the biggest expansion of Prussian territory was at 1871, which is when after South German States and Prussia merged and formed the German empire.

3) Design a national symbol for the newly formed Germany. Include symbols that best represent the spirit or values of the German people at this time. Write a short paragraph explaining your symbol and its significance. The image above is the national symbol I designed for the newly formed Germany. Inside the circle is the color of the German flag and the eagle which both symbolizes German. I expressed how several different nations are merged into one country by the lining up people on the outer border of the symbol, which symbolizes unity.


 * February 14th 2012**
 * Case Study Assessment**

2. Sepoy Mutiny: As a result of the Sepoy Mutiny, the government of British took the rules of India from East India Company. 3. Congress party: The Congress Party demands for independence for a united India, which further causes conflict with the Muslim League. 4. Mohandas K. Gandhi: Gandhi reduced the taxes for farmers and improved the wages and working conditions of factory laborers. 5. Muhammad Ali Jinnah: As he joined the Congress Party and the Muslim League, the two organization reached a compromise on a plan for constitutional reform in India. However his effort to unify Hindu and Muslim failed continuously.
 * Terms & Names**
 * 1**. Sepoys: Sepoy regiments in India rose into rebellion, refusing to load the rifles, caused the Sepoy Mutiny.

1. British was able to conquest India due to its political stability, stronger military force, India's poor governmental structure as well as its internal conflicts for power and rights. 2. Sepoy Mutiny was caused by British not regarding the sepoy's religion. While the British forced them to load the rifles by biting off the tips of the cartridges, the sepoys refused due to religious reasons handling with the law that cows were considered holy to Hindus and that Muslims were forbidden to eat pork. AS a result of thee rebellion, the British government took rules of India from the East India Company. Moreover, the gap between British's cultural, religious, and political aspects and India's aspects increased. 3. The Congress Party asked for independence for the united India. 4.Gandhi believed in living a simplistic life as possible, tolerating religious beliefs of others, devoting one's life to work for others, and combating injustice in all its forms without violence. 5. By joining both the Congress Party and Muslim League, he contributed in working for the two organisms to reach an compromise on a plan for a constitutional reform in India.
 * Main Ideas**

6. Documents B,C,E,I,J and K are pro British whereas A, D, F,G,H and L are pro Indian. 7. Because the document distributes equal rights to everyone, the people who used to be in the lowest level of society would benefit by being equal to people who used to be in the top class.Furthermore, they would have equality of opportunity which would enable them to have an opportunity to receive a higher wage in different occupations. 8. According to document L, due to British domination, people were supplied with more clothing and were able to get at least two meals a day. Moreover, the life expectancy increased from 30 to 60. People were able to live a better quality of life during and after the domination. 9. Te cultural conflict is caused by British's lack of interest and respect towards the cultures of Indians. this mostly reflected in the Sepy Mutiny, which was caused by the lack of consideration and respect towards the sepoy's religion of considering cows as holy and the prohibition of eating pork. 10. Positive impacts includes a better quality of life, by having supplied with more clothing and receiving two meals a day. As a result, the life expectancy increased significantly. However, the Indians were not respected with their religion and culture, as shown in Sepoy's Mutiny. 11. By using non violent non cooperation, Gandhi was able to reduce tax for farmers and improve wages and working conditions of factory laborers. 12. Due to the differing perspectives on religion and their beliefs, the Muslim League demanded for a separate nation. 13. The conflict between the Congress Party and the Muslim League caused the nations to break up into 4 parts.
 * Documents**


 * February 13th 2012**
 * Global Impact of Imperialism**


 * Task 1:Reactions to Imperialism**

China: 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know? This image is anti imperialism, by looking at the conflict between powerful nations and the collapse of China between them. 2) What views of the native peoples are being communicated in each of the illustrations? China, the natives in this case, are illustrated as a dragon. This picture clearly depicts how China does not want Imperialists to invade their territory, as the dragon is showing a disgusted expression and is lying down as if it is forced to. 3) What views are being communicated about the Europeans/Japanese in their role as imperialists? Powerful nations are illustrated by the animals that they represent. For example, U.S and Germany are represented as eagles, whereas Russia a black bear. As Imperialists, powerful countries are inclined to take control of China. The author illustrates the dispute between Imperialist nations over China. 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//**OR**//__ costs of imperialism? The author conveys how China is being repressed by the struggle between the nations.
 * Task 2:Political Cartoon**

Japan: 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know? We can tell that this image is anti imperialism, by how the Imperialized is striking the Imperialist. 2) What views of the native peoples are being communicated in each of the illustrations? The natives, which are the Japanese, are illustrated as a typical citizen. The author illustrates how the Japanese do not want to be imperialized, showing their detest towards Imperialism by violence. 3) What views are being communicated about the Europeans/Japanese in their role as imperialists? Although not clearly shown, this illustration depicts that as imperialists, Russia's duty is to colonize Japan. We can tell that Russia's intention is not convert knowledge and educate the less civilized, by the revulsion that the imperialized is showing towards them. 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//**OR**//__ costs of imperialism? The author is conveying how Imperialism should be abolished in Japan.

Korea: 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know? This image is anti imperialism, by showing how the imperialist countries are deceiving the Korean peninsula. 2) What views of the native peoples are being communicated in each of the illustrations? Korea, as natives, are illustrated as fish. They are being lured by the Chinese and Japanese. This picture depicts how the Koreans are a prey of the Imperialist. 3) What views are being communicated about the Europeans/Japanese in their role as imperialists? As imperialist, China and Japan's role is illustrated as colonizing Korea. 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//**OR**//__ costs of imperialism? The author tries to convey the conflict between China and Japan to dominate Korea, and their ploy targeting it.

Task 3: 1) Feudalism and mercantilism were two economic systems that preceded capitalism. Review and summarize (in your own words) how they generated wealth. How does capitalism DIFFER from these two systems? Feudalism is the system where wealth is generated by the lower class earning money from the upper class by working for them, whereas Mercantilism is a system where profits are made by foreign trade done by the government. They would earn money by increasing the supply exported while reducing the amount imported. Capitalism differs from these two systems due to the fact that it is not government owned, but private ownership. Individuals gained profit, resulting in a society where people with high quality products gained wealth.

2) According to this lecturer, what forces drive capitalism? Capitalism is driven by the gaining of fossil fuels. These ingredients triggered inventions and the ability to get energy.


 * February 9th 2012**
 * The Scramble for Africa**


 * Task 1: Discussion with Kaitlyn on ichat**



1) Which countries controlled the largest sections of Africa in 1914? French and British dominated the majority of Africa.
 * Task 2: Scramble for Africa**

2) Why do you think these countries had the largest area of Africa? French and British were able to control vast areas of Africa not only because of their large, powerful army, but also due to their strong inclination towards markets, raw materials and territory, a motivation for them to support Imperialism; Africa had been only one of their targets.

1) What was the Berlin Conference? The Berlin Conference is the meeting held from November 15, 1884 to January 20 1885 by France, Great Britain, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Italy, and Spain to compromise and distribute the African continent for each nation to obtain as colonial holdings. This meeting in fact included no Africans.
 * Task 4: European Imperialism in Africa (Overview)**

2) What were the three outcomes of the conference? The nations that attended the conference agreed to inform each other whenever they were inclined to claim any extra territory, approve any additions to the document by professionals, and to consider contracts with African rulers as sovereignty.


 * Task 5: Analyzing Political Cartoons**

Image 1: 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know? By the look of the greedy man reaching over for the gold fields in Africa, this image proves to be anti imperialism. This image conveys that the mother countries are colonizing the 'less civilized' not to enlighten them but to gain profit for their own benefit. 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations? This illustration depicts how Africans does not acknowledge the 'support' from other countries. They believe that the mother country is dominating their continent to extract raw materials from the gold fields. 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists? British is illustrated as John Bull, greedily reaching over for South Africa to obtain more territory. His short and chubby figure depicts a typical businessmen in Britain, representing wealth and strength. 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//**OR**//__ costs of imperialism? The author is trying to imply a message the greediness of mother countries over territories to obtain

Image 2: 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know? This image is pro imperialism, as it shows a wise, innocent looking man leading hundreds of young African children. 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations? Africans, illustrated as children to show their immaturity, are being guided by the enlightened British( or Americans). 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists? As imperialists, the British/Americans are leading the less civilized to the world of modern society, with education and technology. 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//**OR**//__ costs of imperialism? The author illustrates how imperialism is not for the benefits of the Imperialists, but for the Imperialized, as it is providing and leading them to their age of Enlightenment.

Image 3: 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know? This image is anti imperialism, as it depicts the Imperialists as snakes, resembling a cruel monarch. 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations? This picture shows the pain and struggles of the Africans under the Imperialists. 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists? The Imperialists, illustrated as a snake wearing a crown suffocating the Africans, are conveyed as a threat to the African society. 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//**OR**//__ costs of imperialism? The author implies how imperialism is actually another word for cruel monarchy.

Image 4: 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know? This image is justified to be anti imperialist, due to the poem besides it. To paraphrase the poem, it basically informs that British, with a strong navy and a strong impulse to do what he says, colonizes India for their resourceful land full of tigers. 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations? Asians are viewed as the weaker country with a vast amount of resources. 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists? British is viewed as nasty imperialists, colonizing Asia for its resources. 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//**OR**//__ costs of imperialism? The author shows the fear and pain of the Indians due to the continuously conquering British.

Image 5: 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know? We can tell that this image is anti imperialism by the frightened expressions of the African children, and the cruelty shown on the teacher's face. 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations? Africans are illustrated as young, callow children. They are instructed by a British teacher with other fellow class mates reading behind them.Their expressions show their fear against the Imperialists. 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists? This picture depicts the roles of imperialists as an instructor and a educator. 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//**OR**//__ costs of imperialism? This picture shows how Imperialism is forced upon Africans and moreover, not wanted.

Image 6: 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know? This image is anti imperialism, as you can see how the Africans are showing wariness and hostility towards Imperialists, represented as an eagle. 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations? Although they are not a huge portion of the picture, by looking at their silhouette, we can tell how they are unsure yet alert. 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists? The Imperialists are illustrated as an eagle with a crown. This represents power and monarchy, not cooperation, which is what they argue that they are doing. 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//**OR**//__ costs of imperialism? The author argues how Imperialism is not cooperation between the civilized and the less civilized, but the domination of the civilized over the less industrialized countries.

Image 7: 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know? We can tell that the image represents anti imperialism, by looking at the corpses of the Africans. 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations? Africans are the victim in the picture; they are either killed or wounded severely. 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists? The Imperialist is represented as a person looking at the map of a East Asian country. This shows that his interest is not in educating the less industrialized, but in expanding his own country's territory. 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//**OR**//__ costs of imperialism? Imperialism is for the benefit of the Imperialists; the Imperialized are out of their interests.


 * February 7th 2012**
 * Darwin's Theory**
 * Document-Based Question:** Do Darwin’s theories apply to culture and society? Why or why not? Use the excerpts above and strong examples to support your points.

Although Darwin’s theory is targeted towards the natural life in the wild environment, it can also be applied to culture and society. Darwin’s theory of natural selection states that all living things compete for the resources for their own benefit to survive in the wild; the fittest tends have a higher percentage of survival. His theories can be applied to the past, modern and the future society. During the period of Imperialism, nations fought to colonize other small countries for their own benefit. This proves that humans also fight for ‘resources’, in which in this case, would be the ‘resourceful weaker nations’. These weaker nations, if colonized, provided the dominating country with more trade routes, natural resources, and wealth. In modern day, people compete in school to have higher grades and more awards, to go to a better universities and have jobs that they like with the appropriate amount of income. In the real society the person with more skills and education tends to earn a higher income, and therefor are able to live their lives with a sufficient amount of necessities as well as luxuries. Last but not least, in the future society, people will continue to fight for the remaining natural resources, such as coal and petroleum, which has a limited amount. According to scientists, the year when all the natural resources will be used up will approach quicker than we expect it to be. Therefore, conflicts between nations as well as individuals will arise. Therefor, culture and society clearly reflects the aspects of Darwin’s theory.


 * February 5th 2012**
 * The White Man's Burden**

1. What is “The White Man’s Burden” based on Rudyard Kipling’s description in this poem? The 'White Man's Burden' refers to the responsibility of nations to expand their territory by dominating other weaker, uncivilized countries. As these nations believed that those countries were less civilized and barbaric, although not true, they believed that they were actually doing the less civilized good, as they were providing them with the system of highest social efficiency. Basically, it is referring to the basis of imperialism, and the general stereotypes that the Americans have during the period.

2. Do you agree or disagree with Kipling’s characterization? Why or why not? I disagree with Kipling's belief how colonization of undeveloped countries would benefit both. First his thought is stereotype and racist, believing that the Americans are the superior among other races, which is not always true. The domination of other countries would also only benefit one side, which would be America in this case. Furthermore, since the less civilized country did not have a opportunity to express its idea of the domination, it would also create conflicts among themselves.

3. What does this say about the attitude of Europeans and Americans toward the rest of the world during the mid 1800 - early 1900’s? Use specific examples from the poem. According to the last verse of the poem, we can refer that both Europeans and Americans considered the rest of the world less civilized and barbaric, as they describe those countries "childish". They were not informed accurately, however assumed that their society was more sophisticated based on the rapid development of technology during the Industrialization. The phrase "come now, and search your manhood" refers to the colonization of the weaker nations.

4. Is KIS an example of “The White Man’s Burden” in modern Korean society? Why or why not? I believe that KIS is not an appropriate term for "The White Man's Burden". We do not look down to other people and consider them 'barbaric' or 'less educated', although we might receive a few priorities than other public schools. We still have the equal amount of rights, and still do respect and acknowledge other schools and how they work, no matter how different we are from them.


 * February 2nd 2012**
 * Document Based Questions pg 307**

1. Andrew Carnegie's and Friedrich Engels' differing views are caused by their differing social status and the amount of wealth. Carnegie, for instance, is interpreting Industrialization from a workman's view. He sees Industrialization has a good opportunity for the businessmen to export goods, having the best home market; he sees his future optimistic. On the other hand, Engels's perspective is rather pessimistic. He interprets Industrialization with a poor worker's view. He states the unfortunate reality of a poor worker who is unable to find work, and if he does so, have to struggle with the long working hours and the low wages; his viewpoint on Industrialization is highly negative, as he is unable to find a hopeful future.

2. Mary Paul's satisfaction on her career are a product of not only of her talent, but also the union, assembled by women, to fight for their own rights for the appropriate amount of wages. It is also a product of the Factory Act, which limited the working hours for young children and adolescents.

3. Walter Crane's cartoon triggers to workers to rally for socialism by depicting how socialism can be a success, while capitalism would hurt them. Capitalism, pictured as a wild beast, kills the worker with the shovel, waring the shirt 'labor' printed; this shows that capitalism would not be favorable to the workers, and would only make their lives worse. On the other hand, socialism is pictured as a goddess with a torch, which signifies hope and happiness for the future of the workers.


 * January 30th 2012**
 * Communism**

1. Would Marx have agree that these countries were "communist"? Although these countries are considered communist modern day, Marx would not agree to the statement that these countries are. In fact, even though these countries all have a single leading party, due to the fact that the dominant party gained more power than the others makes these countries different than Marx's original philosophy. Furthermore, while Marx thought that the even amount of wealth should be distributed throughout the citizens, in reality, the majority of these countries have a wide gap between the rich and poor. Marx's idealistic idea of a 'communist' country clearly shows to be a failure.

2. What has happened to the "communist" world (once called the "Second World", to distinguish it from the "First World" -- wealthy capitalist countries, and the "Third World" -- poor countries)? Although the original idea of a "communist" world has been a world with a dominant party, with everything owned by the people but equally distributed among themselves, which would combat the inequalities created by the Industrial Revolution. However, modern society communist worlds often have a strong monarch, the wealthy nobles, and a huge population of the poor citizens. Furthermore, as the government gains more money, they also gained more power in return. As a result, the rich got richer and the poor poorer, the issue that Marx originally hoped to combat.

3. Why do you think this has happened? I think that the gaining of power of the minority in communist government are due to corrupt leaders only seeking for their own benefits. While the leaders are supposed to govern the society and utilize communism, they gained most of the wealth and power, leaving the poor more poor, and the rich more rich.

4. What do you think of the idea that the growing gap between the rich and poor in the industrialized world never materialized (see p. 270) because of the Union movement (the formation of trades unions who unite to demand better working conditions for workers) and reform laws (to improve conditions for workers, eg. safety requirements, limits on the length of the working day, minimum wages)? I don't think that the statement proves to be true, because the rich would get richer due to the invention of new effective machines which would lead to a larger production of goods, and a higher profit. However the poor would stay poor, since the only way they can earn money is by working in the factories of the rich, which although has a minimum wage limit, would be a small amount of money compared to the money that the rich earns.


 * January 24th 2011**
 * Photo Essay**

This document is about child hood labor in America as well as Europe, where industrial capitalism has flourished. According the the passage**,** during the 1820s, half of the cotton workers in the states consisted of children. Children suffered under frequent child abuse including physical violence, as well as health hazards, which also occurred on adults. Shockingly, these conditions continued on up until 1916, when the U.S Congress passed the federal legislation combating childhood labor. The pictures below depicted how the working conditions were like back in the 1800s. I was intimidated by the harsh, tense atmosphere, and was surprised how young the workers were. Even though they were only black and white pictures, I could feel the exhaustion and the craving for rest.

Industrialization The expression 'mixed blessing' would be a very much suitable way to describe the Industrial Revolution along with urbanization's state. Although ostensibly the revolution might be shown as to improve the quality of life, it actually has brought some negative aspects to a huge portion of the population. First, Industrialization has created numerous jobs for workers. A vast number of factories were built, which in return also brought job seekers to the city. Next, it also raised the standard of living. Due to the high demand for engineers, it expanded educational opportunities. Industrialization also brought healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper clothing due to the number of factories that were built. In contrast of this wide range of advantages, Industrialization has also brought sickness and epidemics throughout slums that were occupied with a wide number of working class who suffered in poverty. Diseases were caused by the unsanitary conditions which included unpaved streets covered with garbage and lacking drains. Poverty still remained unprogressive, due to the developing machines that replaced what used to be their occupation for living. As a matter of fact, Industrialization both carries pros and cons and therefore the expression 'mixed blessing' would be the most appropriate vocabulary representing it.
 * January 24th 2011**
 * 1) The Industrial Revolution, and the urbanization that accompanied it, have been described as a mixed blessing. To what extent to you agree with this statement?

media type="custom" key="12137936" width="400" height="400"
 * January 18th 2011**
 * Mindmap on invention**

//"When dictatorship is a fact, revolution becomes a right,"// by Victor Hugo I chose a knife and a shield to go with my quote to represent the boldness and innovative thoughts of revolution.
 * November 27th 2011**
 * Revolutionary Poster Quote**

turned in by hard copy
 * November 20, 2011**
 * Louis XIV timeline**

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 * November 16, 2011**
 * Most Enlightened Despot of the 1700's Propaganda**


 * November 14, 2011**
 * Absolutism**

1. What is absolutism? Absolutism is the system of government where the state is ruled by a monarch with absolute power, with similar authorities of God.
 * Questions: (Decide whether each should be answered as a sentence or as a paragraph)

2. Explain the justification for absolutism referred to as the 'divine right of kings'. Monarchs during absolutism were just like present day dictators for possessing unlimited power. They did not had to follow any rules except those of the God, and were known for receiving the authority to rule directly by God; they were present for representing them.

3. List the causes of the rise of Absolutism in Europe. A number of varying factors triggered the rise of Absolutism in Europe. Absolutism, the system of government where the nation is ruled by one monarch with absolute power spread throughout Europe sparked by three main factors. First, the people were actually eager to serve a strong monarch. A powerful ruler was needed to maintain and stabilize the nation after the incidents in 14th century; the chaos and the remnants of the catastrophes had to be cleaned up, and a wise ruler was necessary to clear up the mess that was made. The protestant Reformation was also one of the factors that lead to absolutism. Due to the weakening of papal power in states, leadership and guidance from a ruler was essential for secular affairs. Orders and control were established by bureaucracy, which also maintained central authority as well. Nations were able to get stronger by collected taxes, which were used for establishing strong, defensive armies. Last but not least, the mercantile policies in the 15th century sparked absolutism by producing mass amount of wealth, which was used to regulate the nation’s economy and improve industry by monarchs. Such various factors lead to the rise of absolutism in Europe, which in return, brought fortune to some countries by expanding territory and maintaing order, but also brought revolutions from the lower class.

4. Explain briefly how absolutism developed in Absolutism in Spain first appeared after the increase of territorial holdings of the Habsburg royal family which was triggered by few dynastic marriages. In the 16th century, the majority of Christian Europe was ruled by Holy Roman emperor Charles V. However later due to threatenings by the Protestant Reformation, his kingdom was divided. The next generation, the kingdom was ruled by Philip II, emperor Charles’s son. As the successor, Philip II ruled with absolute power, making every decision, and expanded his territory by conquering neighboring Portugal.
 * Spain

After a rebellious aristocracy due to internal conflict, in order to take control of the nobles, King Louis XIV took control of the nation with absolute power, with the belief that he was God’s substitute. With obedient ministers each allotted with different tasks, King Louis XIV fought several wars, including the War of Devolution, the War of Grand Alliance, and the War of the Spanish Succession, and expanded his hunting chateau at Versailles.
 * France

Although Tudor monarchs ruled with absolute power, absolutism became more prominent at the start of the Scottish Stuart dynasty. After Charles I succeeded absolute power from James I, he ruled alone during the Eleven Years’ Tyranny until the English Civil War erupted and was beheaded.
 * England

At the starting of the reign of Ivan III in the 15th century, absolutism emerged in Russia. Absolutism was entrenched by Peter I, who fought many wars, opened the way to West, established a strong army, kept the power of church in control and improved industries in Russia. Russia was further ruled by other absolute monarchs including Catherine II, who was considered as san enlightened despot.
 * Russia:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbxzYBQRVc0
 * November 9th, 2011**
 * Speed Dating**


 * November 7, 2011**


 * November 5th 2011**
 * 21st century Enlightenment**

The speaker in the video of 21st century Enlightenment reckons that there must be several improvements in order to go through a successful enlightenment in the 21st century. The Enlightenment in the past has indeed made a significant approach to the modern history and our daily lives, but in order for our modern day civilization to follow what our predecessors underwent, it is vital for society to make progression from the enlightenment that occurred before. To prosecute a new Enlightenment in the 21st century, new powerful insights into human nature is essential. This “insights” can be achieved by growing self awareness as well as human empathy. Because the speaker thinks that humans are not gifted with the talent at making long term decisions, knowing what actually makes us happy and picking out what made us happy in the past, knowing yourself and your goal is one of the most essential part in progress in 21st century. This enables exercising in self control as well as resisting our tendencies in order to make right or true choices. The speaker also reckons that human empathy is another important essence to Enlightenment in 21st century. Due to the rapid growth of population and the fast spread of media, globalization is one of the most important factors that will affect human life in the future. He reckons that human empathy would put us to other people’s shoes, which will diminish social conflict caused by differing cultures and opinions, but enable easy accessible contact to popular culture and a healthy activity of public disagreement. Therefore, for these minority reasons, the speaker whole heartedly believes the growth in self awareness as well as human empathy is essential in the 21st century Enlightenment. The speaker ends his speech with the quote, “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed citizens can change the world, indeed it is the only thing that ever has.” In this globalized modern community, knowing yourself and listening to others will definitely make a change to the future generation.


 * October 27th, 2011**
 * Port of Call Part 2**

Author: These edicts are written by Tokugawa Shogunate who is known and respected for unifying Japan, but closed Japan in order to secure their ideas from spreading.
 * Port 4:**
 * APPARTS for EDICTS FOR 1635 ORDERING THE CLOSING OF JAPAN**

Place and Time: These edicts were written in 1635, or even a few years before that. We can get this info by the fact that these edicts were issued to the officials in 1635, which means that these were written around that period of time.

Prior Knowledge: Although I am not familiar with Japan’s history, I know that Japan has been in conflict for Korea for a long period of time, even before the Japanese domination in Korea. I also know that Japan once had a peculiar structure of hierarchy in their society, where wealthy landlords owning their own army (samurais) were the most powerful instead of emperors.

Audience: I think these edicts were created for the foreigners as well as Japanese to inform about the new policies and make sure that Japan is ‘closed’ from outer contacts.

Reason: These edicts were created for Tokugawa Shogunate to convey his ideas of closing Japan prevent people from spreading ideas and contacting and trading with foreign countries.

Significance: These edicts are a significant historical evidence, since they are a primary source, as well because it is actually written by the leader, which best represents Japan's thoughts and gives the most accurate reasons for their behavior of closing down Japan from outer countries such as Europe.

**Video - CNN Millennium #6-3 Japan & the Rise of the Tokugawa Dynasty in the 16th Century 1500s** 1. Who was "the Bald Rat"? Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who was one of the leaders in Japan, is also known as "the Bald Rat". 2. Where did Japan hope to build its empire? Japan, more specifically Toyotomi Hideyoshi, wished to built its empire in China, which had been one of the major countries in the past that was sufficient financially, had a powerful army and had great relationships with other countries. 3. What stopped it from building its empire as planned? As they were defeated by Korea when they tried to invade Korea as well, they had to stop and retreat from its plan of constructing an empire in China. 4. Why didn't they try again? Toyotomi Hideyoshi's anxiety of the next generation stopped him from getting involved in warfare, as he started to get obsessed about his son's security.

Author: Originally Qianlong, who was once the emperor of China who agreed to trade with foreign merchants, Houghton Mifflin translated the original letter into english.
 * APPARTS on Qianlong**

Place and Time: This secondary source letter is written on 1793, which is the year in which King George III sent a diplomat requesting for the right to trade at Guangzhou.

Prior Knowledge: I am informed that China has once been one of the most powerful nations in the world, due to its abundant amount of wealth, large population and territory, and its stable relationship with neighboring countries. However because they closed themselves out from foreign countries, I learned that it triggered their decline in power, while European bloomed with discoveries and explorations during the Renaissance period.

Audience: Originally, this is a letter created for King George III to read. After translating it, it is targeted to readers who are interested in ancient Chinese civilization along with their relationships with foreign countries.

Reason: This letter is written to inform England that they had permitted and is eager to establish a trading agents in Guangzhou, but cannot fulfill the other requests that the ambassador has made. Along with insults, he states that he does not want their "barbarian" merchants to set foot on Zhejiang and Tianjin with several threats that they would be instant expulsion.

Significance: Along with the fact that this source is a secondary source that is directed from primary source, the fact that it is actually written by the leader for another leader, makes this source significant. We can directly get informed about the nation's stance, as well as the relationship with each other by their tone and language they use.

=Port of Call= by Jessica Chang and Suji Ahn
 * October 18, 2011**

**Port 1:**

 * Cornell notes from Chapter 3, Section 1 of MWH pp. 92~101**


 * The Age of Exploration: Would you go?**

1. What possible rewards might come from exploring the seas for new lands? By exploring seas for new lands, various rewards would come to the explorers as well as the nation that the explorer comes from. Due to the high risk of failing and the hazardous environment, less people volunteer to explore, which increases the amount and quality of reward that comes back to the explorers. These rewards include acknowledgement from the people in higher level of hierarchy ,expansion of territory, and discovery of new plants and animals. After their expedition, explorers such as Christopher Columbus, John Cabot and Amerigo Vespucci were rewarded with gold, money, financial support for their next voyage or promotion to a higher status. While the explorers get such benefits, the nation gains profit from their discovery by expanding land by the region they discovered; to achieve this goal, they undergo killing the natives that dominated the area before, as well as claiming the territory which the natives already lived on. Last but not least, from the discovered land, the colonists were able to find new plants and animals. As a matter of fact, after corn and potatoes were introduced to the world by trading, it raised a significant amount of the world population due to its high nutritions. Promotion to a higher rank, larger territories and increase of abundant food supply is definitely a valuable reward and an inspiration to expeditions as well as expeditions for future generations. Followed by these benefits, the nation’s economy would also be able to rise as well as the increase in population. Exploring the seas for new lands provide a number of benefits for the explorer as well as the country and its people.

2. What are the risks involved in embarking on a voyage into the unknown? Embarking on a voyage into the unknown involves several hazardous risks that the explorers need to undergo. The reason why not a high number of people set out to explore the new world, despite its numerous benefits financially, is due to the high risks of these expeditions. These risks include failure of the expedition to find a new land, capricious climate change as well as conflicts with the natives prior living in the territory. Due to the costly expeditions, once their expedition failed, the explorers loose a significant amount of money. If they had financial support from the upper hierarchy class, then the consequences were worse. Along with the financial loose, these expeditions could also be dangerous for the people’s lives, due to factors such as unexpected catastrophes such as storms and hurricanes. Voyages in the sea are 24/7 vulnerable to capricious climate change, which can distract their route, postpone the time of their disembark, or worse, take their lives. Even though they disembark to the new land, the danger does not end. The explorers were always open to the attack from the colonists, especially after they claim that the territory that the natives lived in were theirs’. Never ending conflicts between the natives caused events such as the massacre of the colonists that Christopher Columbus brought, in Hispaniola by the natives on November 22, 1949. Such risks of failure only brings damage of reputation as well as a significant amount of money. What makes matters worse is that numerous people are vulnerable to injury as well as death. These risks will always follow the explorers just like a shadow, no matter what. Explorers will always have to face various unpredictable risks while on a exploration.

3. What will you do if you actually run into other people? If we actually run into other people, and find out their destination is identical to ours, we would try to cooperate to succeed our aspirations. Due to obstacles we had to face financially, we would not have a completely satisfactory fleet that would be able to achieve our goal of discovering new land; therefore, it would be more beneficial for us to combine the fleet and negotiate on our discoveries. First, we would be able to share our food supply and trade some with the opponent for a more varied, nutritious diet; malnutritions can frequently happen in the ocean, where we cannot get enough supply of various vitamins and minerals. We would also be able to share our technology and tools that would determine our path and circumvent danger. Last but not least, combined forces would enable to defeat games of animals as well as natives living prior on the land. Although after the negotiation we would only benefit half of what we achieved, still the feasibility of domination of new land would increase; which is much better than loosing everything and dismaying our queen. Such benefits by cooperation with other forces would enable us to gain more and loose less. Therefore, if we happen to meet other fleets aiming for the same target, we would join forces and make compromises for our achievements worked together.

The compass is one of the most essential navigational tool used commonly both in long voyages as well as short, on land and in the sea. One or more metal needles rotate on a pivot fixed on a circular instrument, pointing towards the north. Without having the discomfort of finding astrological or geological clues, this instrument enables you to easily determine the direction.
 * One piece of new navigation technology: The Compass**

**Port 2:**

 * European Exploration chart**

**Port 3:**
1. Identify the causes of African slavery The long, miserable history of African slavery is triggered by various factors. The cause of African slavery cannot be defined to be one specific nation’s fault, but the greediness and indifference of nations for more wealth and power. The first main factor is the increase in demand of tobacco, sugar and rice in America. Due to the limited number of colonists, it was essential for the colonists to get help from foreigners. As a result, the Africans, whose nation was willing to sell their people in a cheap cost, became the target of brutal slavery. Countries such as Europe and America turned their attention towards Africa, where they could satisfy their needs as well as circumvent a huge conflict between major countries while gaining significant amount of profit by trading their crops. The second major factor is the greed of minority of Africans, who betrayed their nation by selling their population to countries such as Europe and America for money. The triangular trade best reflects how they earn money and gain manufacturing goods as the result of the betrayal. The third major factor is similar to the second, but also involves political views-the irresponsible, apathetic attitude of the government. While numerous numbers of people were sold off the America, the government did not promote any resolutions to stop the issue. Therefore, part of the cause for slavery is from Africa, and of course, America. If it weren’t for the increased demand of workers in America, African slaves would not have been imported. If it hadn’t been for the betrayal of the minority and the indifference of the African government, the issue on slavery would have been easily resolved. The African slavery is stirred up with several factors, not only one.

2. Explain the Triangular Trade Route The Triangular Trade Route is a trade route between Europe, Africa and West Indies. This trade route might seem very inhumane, but it had brought several benefits and made significant contributions to the development of the three nation’s economy. First, Africans were sent to West Indies as slaves, where they worked for hours in order to harvest crops. Second, the harvested raw materials, which includes sugar, cotton and tobacco were exported to Europe. Third, in return of sacrificing their own people, Africa was provided with manufactured goods from Europe. By this trading route, the three nations were able to gain what they were lack in, and made significant amount of benefits. Due to the trading, along with gaining the essentials, they also were able to gain financial profit by the large amount of export. Europe, Africa, and West Indies had made a magnificent trade compromise by establishing the triangular trade route.

3. Identify the consequences of the slave trade Not surprisingly, there are several consequences of the African slave trade in America. Surprisingly, these consequences include negative results as well as positive; the word ‘positive’ might have astonished you for a second, since there seemed to be no optimism in this distressful and inhumane time period in the human history. First, major and minor revolutions occurred in West Indies that protested slavery. A number of African slaves who suffered from the arduous work 24/7 rose up into action for them and their next generation. A majority failed, but some were able to succeed. For instance, the revolt in St. Dominque in 1791 brought independence in Haiti. Later in the time, the Civil War breaks the nation in two for the freedom and rights of African Americans. Second, new cultures developed that combines American culture with African culture. New styles of art, music, literature developed; the most well known and popular in modern day are blues and jazz. Third, due to the triangular trade route, significant amounts of crops and manufacturing goods were able to import and export, which developed the economy. If the African slave trade did not occur, there would have been no internal conflict involving slaves for freedom. However there would also be no combined culture of Africa and America, which still is well known and popular present day. Also there would be no economic growth in between the three countries, since there are no items to trade among them. The African slave trade in America had produced several ramifications, both good and bad.

**Works Cited**
1. Picture of Compass: http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/Compass.htm

2. Picture of World Map: http://en.loadtr.com/World_Map-483295.htm

3. Information on Explorers: http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1497.html http://library.thinkquest.org/J002678F/john_cabot.htm http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497cabot-3docs.asp http://www.christopher-columbus.eu/voyage-2.htm http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/d/deleon.shtml http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/de_leon/de_leon1.htm

China's Age of Exploration II
 * September 22, 2011**

Picture # 1 Picture # 2
 * This map basically shows the Muslim population around the world. While I examined the picture, I wondered why there wasn't a lot of Muslim population in China, when the emperor was a Muslim himself. Just like my assumptions, countries like Indonesia and Pakistan had the most Muslim population, while Russia and UK and much more less.
 * This map basically shows the routes and distances Zheng He traveled. I was first confused of the different geographical locations, and wasn't sure what areas he traveled; I was soon awed how he kept track of where he was sailing, without any precise map. The great amount of distance he traveled simply shocked me, with 7 fleets that is all moved my men's power, without a single motor like modern days.


 * September 20, 2011**

Picture # 1
 * I see a man pointing his fingertips towards another man floating aside with women and babies surrounding him. They are both reaching out for each other, as if they are trying to convey some tacit message.
 * I think that is a painting that conveys a scene from the Bible, where the God tries to help human beings by giving them a lesson. For this picture, I got the evidence from their clothing. Because the man on the right has clothing on, and is in an upper position than the naked man, it represents that he has more wealth and power, stating that he is more superior than the naked man. Also because he is floating in mid air, we can tell that he is a superstitious character, which I believe it is to be God.
 * I wonder why the man in the painting is reaching out for help. I also wonder what the cloth surrounding the man in the right are for, and why the man is alone, but not with others.

Picture # 2
 * I see a picture of two finger tips pointing out to each other, as if they are trying to shake hands timidly.This sepia drawing with cracks tells me that they are created a long time ago, and haven't been preserved well.
 * I think that this painting is cut out from the first picture that is above, because they have the same hand gestures, and the angle where the hands meet are very similar.
 * I wonder if this painting is the sketch of the first painting, or the artist purposely cut it out to convey a different meaning than the original. I also wonder why it is sepia, unlike the colorful original painting.

Instructions: respond to the maps and diagrams posted on the wiki
 * September 5, 2011**

1. While Europe was suffering from the Dark Ages, China was undergoing its Golden Age. The first diagram is a picture of a capacious boat made in China. According to the text, the fleet included about 30,000 man. This diagram tells how powerful the Chinese empire was; it had a highly developed civilization along with great wealth and a high number of population. Compared to Columbus's vessel, Chinese ships were more fancy and extravagant.

2. Read the first paragraph of p. 45 Use this map, and the one in MWH p35, to identify where "the Holy Roman Emperor, the Emperor of Byzantium (also called Constantinople), the Doge (ruler) of Venice, and the kings of England, France, Castille and Portugal" would have come from. Had they been invited to Beijing on 2 February 1421.

3. The third map of China indicates who came into power in a certain era. We can get to know how big China was when certain rulers ruled it in a chronological order. For instance, the Zhou Dynasty started in 1000 B.C, and was taken by 7 emperors who divided early China to 7 states. On 1294, the Yuan Dynasty dominated the majority of the land shown on the map. The Qing Dynasty is also another period where China had most power of controlling land. Last but not least, the diagram shows what China looks like present day.

4. The fourth diagram shows the routes of Chinese merchants and traders. Starting from Xian, they go to cities such as Dunhuang, Merv, New Sarai, and etc. These sophisticated routes are known as the "Silk Road". It connects Xian into the hub of the Islamic world.

5. The fifth map conveys the change in population through out 1400s and 1600s. As you can see in the graph, most of the population increased whereas some of the population stayed the same. Some population started to move into rural areas where people didn't used to live in the 1400s.

6. The sixth map is a diagram of the Beijing city with the walls. It shows how the structure of the city was like in ancient China. The middle of the city is the Forbidden city, and around it is the imperial city. The inner city and the outer city are shielded by a great big border, which indicates the wall. Out of the wall, you can see temples such as the temple of sun, temple of earth and the temple of moon.

7. Although the map that Zhu Di built and the modern day map is trying to convey the same information, there are a significant amount of differences. While the ancient map is simple without complexity, the modern day map is sophisticated, and detailed, with all the names of the major roads and buildings. The ancient map focuses only on the great walled capital that Zhu Di built, and generally shows the structure of it. On the other hand, because the Forbidden city is in Palace Museum, and is an artifact rather than a important city hall, it does not focus on the inner structure of it.

8. On p. 54, Menzies writes that Zhu Di extended the Great Wall (which is actually many separate sections of wall created over hundreds of years) from 5,000 kms to 6,400 kms. You'll notice, that doesn't mean that the wall was 6,400 kms long. If it WAS, where would it reach, if it began at the Yalu River? Use the map in MWH Atlas p A18-19 to estimate where you would end up if the wall really extended 6,400 kms due west of Beijing. If it began at the Yalu River, it would reach about at Jiayuguan. This map tells us that the Great Wall of China was actually not built like the Great Wall we see modern day, but was actually built apart from each other.

9. This map shows how Greenwich, England is 0 degrees, not Beijing.

10. The Grand canal started from Beijing and passed through cities such as Tianjin, Jining, Zhenjiang and ended at Hangzhou. This structure was built in less than two decades by a single ruler.


 * September 2, 2011**

The three maps indicate how powerful the Umayyad Caliphate was; it dominated three fourths of the map. On the other hand, Kingdom of the Lombards were exceptionally small, dominating only a small portion of the land. The Frankish Kingdom and the Byzantine Empire had a similar size of land. The two other maps shows how the owner of the land changed; the second map shows the four states united, and the last how the land was distributed among powers of leaders.


 * August 25, 2011**


 * August 23, 2011**

Black death APPARTS:

Secular and ecclesiastical authority APPARTS:


 * Family History Project**

Event: My parent's marriage

The event that I choose for my family history project is my parent's wedding. They got to know each other when they were a young university student; my dad attended to the Seoul University, while my mom attended to the Kyoryu university. I chose this event because it is the main reason that I am existing, and because this event means a lot to me. Here are some artifacts that proves that they are married.

written source:

These two pictures are a family certificate which states that my parents are married to each other. The second picture is a magnified version of the first one. As you can see, in Korean and chinese characters, it says that Ahn-Byung-jin, is the father, Lee-Ju yeong is the mother, and Ahn Suji is the daughter. The part that is covered is our address and identity number. As a matter of fact, this is a primary source.

unwritten source:

This is a picture of my parent's wedding ring. This not only signifies that they are married to each other, but also promises their dedication affection towards each other.

interview: media type="file" key="interview-sujiahn9F.m4v" width="256" height="236" This is an interview with my mom. She recalls how she met and got to know my dad, and the fact that they married.

The Many Hats of a Historian
 * August 21, 2011**

The Many Hats of a Historian

Why is this title here twice?

Vocabulary


 * heretical: believing in religious heresy
 * faggot: a bundle of sticks or twigs
 * Eucharist: a Christian ceremony which commemorates the Last Supper.
 * abstain: holding back from
 * penance: a Christian sacrament where a person confess their sins to a priest and is given forgiveness.
 * beseeching: urgently asking someone to do something
 * source: where something comes or can be obtained

Please fix your numbering problem!


 * 1) In section 1, //Heretical Beliefs//, the historian gives his account of a historical event. What is happening to Hogsflesh? What is the historian's “story” or main point of the article?
 * 2) Hogsflesh, who committed a crime due to his heretical beliefs, was asking for forgiveness of his sin.


 * 1) What are the roles of a historian defined by John Arnold? Do you agree or disagree with his assumptions? Can you think of any other roles?
 * 2) John Arnold believes that the role of the historian is to read records, report their discovery by the reading, interpret the information and inform the universe of what they found out. I agree with his assumptions, but I also think that the historians can assume about the past not only by reading but also by clues such as skeletons, antiques, __and__ etc.


 * 1) What is meant by “treat(ing) their sources with fidelity?” Remember to put your response in your own words. Why is it important to remember this when reading historical references?
 * 2) “Treating their sources with fidelity” means that being honest of what they find by not manipulating what they saw, but only telling the truth of what happened. This is important to remember while reading historical references, because even though history is story based on evidence, they are a fact, and cannot be changed no matter what.


 * 1) How can a single event be interpreted in more than one way? Can you think of an event in your life that historians could interpret with differing points of view?
 * 2) A single event can be interpreted in more than one way due to the differing points of views of the historians.


 * 1) Talk to a family member or friend about something that happened to you both a long time ago. Examine how you both remember the incident and write about it. With that in mind, when attaching meaning to history, is it possible for a historian to be completely objective? Use examples from the incident you just discussed to reinforce your response.
 * 2) It is not possible for a historian to be completely objective, but their assumptions for history will be biased based on their own history, religion and culture. For instance, American historians will think that our family moving back to Korea after finishing kindergarden had a bad influence on me, because I had to go back to the korean curriculum which is very strict and teaches by rote. On the other hand, Korean historians will think that it made a positive effect on our family, because I was able to get to know about my own culture.


 * 1) What problems may arise when historians practice subjective history? In what ways may subjective history be beneficial to the study of history? Think back to the incident you just discussed with your family member or friend. Why did it make sense for you to remember the event the way you did and for the other person to remember it the way he or she did? What does this tell us about history?
 * 2) When historians practice subjective history, there might be cases where they manipulate history for their own country’s benefit. However it can also be beneficial, because there might be incidents where others won’t understand what or why that happened, due to their differing culture and perspective. The history that we learn can also be translated incorrectly.


 * 1) Why is every historian "a storyteller?" If all historians are storytellers and there are myriad versions of every story, can we trust historians? Why or why not?
 * 2) Every historian is a storyteller because they tell stories based on the evidence that they achieved. Even though we are not sure their version of story is right or wrong, it is best to trust them because it is the most we can get out of the evidence we got presently.


 * 1) How did your view of history and historians change based on this reading? How will you approach history now that you have explored these views?
 * 2) Before reading the article, I believed everything on the textbook to be true. However now that I have read it, I now realized that the textbook is not hundred percent correct, and that I would now have to think for myself why or why not an incident happened.