Patricia's+World

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**6. 2002** January - Deployment of first contingent of foreign peacekeepers - the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) - marking the start of a protracted fight against the Taliban. -This shows that the long conflict and war in Afghan that has been lasting for years is not likely to stop any soon until the Taliban decides to cease the actions that has been harming most people of Afghan. **7. 2004** January - Loya Jirga adopts new constitution which provides for strong presidency. -Stronger constitution that enforces presidency shows that democracy is being implemented and preferred in the Afghanistan regime. **8: 2009** March - US President Barack Obama unveils new strategy for Afghanistan and Pakistan to combat an increasingly perilous situation. An extra 4,000 US personnel will train and bolster the Afghan army and police, and there will also be support for civilian development. -Shows America’s stronger support for Afghan and its army, police and civilians who are in danger due to the government showing promise of protection for Afghan’s people. **9:2012** January - Taliban agree to open office in Dubai as a move towards peace talks with the United States and the Afghan government. -Shows a group that has been causing conflicts to arise in Afghanistan, Taliban, is trying to open up and shows signs of wanting to end the conflict also. **10:** 2012 May - Arsala Rahmani, a key member of the High Peace Council, is shot dead in Kabul. A former Taliban minister, he was crucial in reaching out to rebel commanders. The Taliban themselves deny responsibility for the killing. -This shows that reaching peace might not be probable since the Taliban minister who was the important person in reaching to rebel commanders which might also have been important for peace talks that might settle the conflict in Africa.
 * 5/25 Class 51 Work (Patricia Koo and Amy Han's Timeline)**
 * 1) 1980**: Against Babrak Karmal the as Communist ruler the Soviet troops fought many countries. The opponents were US, Pakistan, China, Iran, and Saudi Arabia and all of them supplied money and arms to oppose the Communists. This was a strenuous fight for the Soviets.
 * 2) 1988:** Majority of the Soviet troops were sent home because the three biggest powers, Afghanistan, USSR, the US and Pakistan signed peace accords. The fight seemed to settle down a bit.
 * 3) 1996:** As Taliban seized control there were new adapted Islamic ideas including banning women from work, and introducing Islamic punishments, which include stoning to death and amputations. These were immensely harsh changes for Afghanistan.
 * 4) 2001** On September, Ahmad Shah Masood was assassinated. This was good news to the Northern Alliance because the death of the enemy made it easier to carry out Taliban.
 * 5) 2001** US-led bombing of Afghanistan leads the US to bomb back Afghanistan on September 11. Anti-Taliban Northern Alliance saw this as an opportunity to enter the war after their enemy has weakened.

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__The Korean War and the Vietnam War__ 10/10
 * 5/23/12**

Final Debate: Was WWII inevitable? Patricia Koo: Con Linda Park: Pro media type="youtube" key="JDPwXsIRrTg" height="315" width="420"
 * 5/22/12**

__Causes of the Cold War__ 1) The Soviets felt isolated in the east front during WWI and WWII and built up dissatisfaction with their allies.. 2) The Soviets mistrusted the Allies after they invaded Russia to overthrow their government, communism, in 1918. 3) Allies and the Soviets governed Germany different ways and competed to have more successful economy. 4) The Soviets' attempt of approaching to many of the East European countries to spread Communism exasperated the Allies, while America's Marshall Plan distracted the Soviets' plan. 5) The sense of wanting to be the most technologically and militarily advanced showed that both sides wanted to dominate with their power.
 * 5/21/12**

__!) The Cold War Questions__ A1: The house had been destructed by a blast of heat, crushed by waves of shock stronger than anything else in the world, and completely vandalized after wind was approached and wore off/ A2: If a whole town was hit by an explosion no living organisms will survive. Whether up in the atmosphere, on the ground level, or underground there will be almost no possibilities of avoiding the harms of the explosion. All buildings will be destroyed and burnt. Nothing would be left behind. B1: The people probably had heard about the terrifying effects the nuclear bombs had on people. They probably feared the bombs might drop around their city and they wanted to prevent it. Even in democratic countries, during the war the government was in charge of how the economy will be ran. During the cold war the people probably did not have much power over deciding whether they could end the testing and reaction of bombs, therefore they protested against the government so that it will ban the bomb. B2: Despite of ages and gender, all people feared the deathly effect of the bombs. On top of that adults probably supported the idea of banning the bomb because the fatigue of increased taxes to aiding the nuclear bombs grew and families were having hard time feeding themselves and living peacefully. Therefore people a wide range of people in CND had supported to ban the bomb. C: The protestants' idea of Banning nuclear weapons was opposed by the government with the idea of military strength.. According to the U.S. government, having equivalent conventional weapons as the enemies, which was the Soviets in their case, was important because there would be no bomber or missile gap. They said in fact if they had abundance of weapons compared to the enemies, they could deter the Soviets and protect itself and its allies.
 * 5/18/12 Class 48 Work**

__2) Goals of establishing...__

3) The Most Significant Historical Event The Space Race was the most historically significant event. Even though met at a very expensive cost, the desire to appear superior encouraged America and the Soviets to develop technology and sciences rapidly. Without the competition seeing the beautiful earth and the moon, and finally the solar system would have been delayed. In fact possibly these trips never would have happened even to this date. Even though the race was ridiculous, it was undoubtedly the most important event.

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 * 5/16/12 Homework due Class 48**
 * A. Venn Diagram (rectangle, very unique!)**

Punishing the war criminals was reasonable, but it was not right for the Allies to only charge Nazis and Japanese for the misdeeds. America had bombed Japan with their Atomic bombs with the reason that this was the quickest and the most efficient way to save lives without progressing further into the war. This sure saved millions of American and the Allies' soldiers lives, but millions of civilians of Japan were killed. Therefore, America was only doing itself a favor and simply turning the momentum or murders toward the Japanese and away from themselves. Therefore, in the long term this wasn't the best possible solution. If this case of the bombing of Japan was looked at from a 3rd point of view some Americans should have been charged for killing so many innocent civilians. On top of that, because the Allies winning the war doesn't make them not guilty. Although they weren't dared to be looked up and were undiscovered, there sure were some Allied leaders responsible for deaths of millions. The Allies got away with their villainy with their victory ticket and it was not utterly fair.
 * B. "Do you think it was right for the Allies to try only Nazi and Japanese leaders for war crimes? Explain your thinking." **

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__Video responses__ 1. Twins I wonder why the Germans carried the Mengele experiments on the twins. Was it simply another way to punish the Jews or were these twins used as guinea pigs in Germany's advancing science. Despite of which reason, it is unfair to stop women from having children. It is almost equivalent to taking away the right to live. The experiment was immensely wicked. I am glad these twins found perfect husbands that wanted to marry them even when they knew there was possibilities that they couldn't have children like all of the families in the world. Thankfully nothing was corrupted and they could bear children successfully.
 * 5/15/12 Class 46 Work**

2. Brothers Never being able to see your beloved family again is horrendous. However not being able to love your family even if they are with you is even more horrific. I wonder what happened to these survivors that sucked all of the emotions and love away from them. This reminds me of the book Mocking Jay, the third book of the Hunger Games series. Even though President White no longer governed the Capitol and the thirteen districts, and even though the Hunger Games were over, I remember at the end Katniss could not feel a satisfying joy of being liberated. Not even with her loving Peetah, she couldn't be completely content.

3. Mordecai Eldar I can feel the internal conflicts these campers must have had: seeing your friends dying and being horrified, but being relived it wasn't you. No doubt the Jews would have had guilt and considered themselves selfish. However in the moral world, nobody should be blamed for trying to survive in their given environments. This could mean sacrificing others to fulfill your needs, such as taking a dead's clothing to wrap yourself around. It is a good sign that these people continued to struggle to live instead of waiting for death to get to them.

4. Zanne Farbstein The most devilish thing a human being can do is harm others that are defenseless, like young children. No doubt the children that were being burnt to death would have suffered but the ones who witnessed this misdeed would remember the scene for the rest of their life. Also, counting days by days hopelessly waiting for death would be fearful. Especially instead of dying immediately, these people had to see their loved ones pass away before them one by one and could never predict what will happen to them tomorrow. The brightest future they had would be waking up the next morning to work off all their strengths and stamina.

5. Yaakov Hollander Even with a piece of cake, it is amazing a young boy had patience to think to save half of it for his brother. The love toward his brother must have been bigger than the ambition to fill a starved stomach. The love between families would have made it greatly hard for the Jews. To be separated from them, to never hear from them again, and later to realize back in years was the last time you would see them, all would have hit them cruelly. It is relieving to see some, even though not most, of the survivors had found a way to have hopes and live for the moment instead of spending rest of their lives in agony in remembrance of the past. I am glad Mr. Hollander connected with music to optimize his life.

6. Sophie Englesman I wonder what it feels like to not love or have sorrow. It is unimaginable not to have emotions. Wouldn't going beyond sadness only cause more sorrow? However after listening to the Holocaust survivors, I suppose being separated from your family and realizing you are left alone makes you feel beyond misery. Once passed all the emotions there is nothing left beneath to feel for. Not even fear of having your happiness taken away because there is no such hope of ever possessing happiness.

8. Eva Brown The Nazis explicitly didn't see any Jews as human beings. They were labeled with numbers just like products and objects. This probably made killing easier for the Nazis. If they considered the Jews as human beings just like themselves, then the killing rate would have been decreased and people like Rudolf Hoss wouldn't have been sitting around to brainstorm different ways to kill people effectively. Also, Missing identity takes away everything from a person. A person don't always have an abundance of money, but all humans have an identity. However in the Holocaust they couldn't even have what was truly theirs. I'm amazed that the survivors found themselves later and managed to find love.

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1) Complete guided reading (8~10) is under "Class 44 Work" 2) Comparing World War I and World War II 1. Drawing Conclusions: The USSR suffered the greatest human costs. 2. Comparing: The U.S. had spend hundreds of billions of extra dollars on the war than Germany and Japan. The gap with the costs is especially immense between U.S. and Japan.
 * 5/13/12 Class 45 Work**

__Interpreting Graphs__: A simple factor that contributed to the increased number of deaths in World War II over World War I was that it had been not very long since the participating countries had fought World War I. Before they could take the time to recover however, a next war started and even younger and unskilled boys might have had to participate, raising the death rate. The biggest factor is the advance in technology. Unlike in the Great War where there were uses of horses and other animals to carry people and ammunition around, WWII used air crafts not only for transportation, but also to drop bombs or poisonous gases on the enemies from the atmosphere. This saved time, because the traveling hours were shorter and killed more people effectively and quickly. We can see that the increase of deaths in Japan was particularly from the U.S.' atomic bombs. Therefore a great advance in technology lead to the increased number of deaths.

__1. Under what conditions did the Polish refugees flee from the Germans?__ With the Germans advancing into their territories, these Polish refugees had suffered. They had left most of their belongings back home, which they had no choice but to leave. All workers left work and children left school. On the way fleeing from the Germans, some families were forcefully separated. There seemed to be no hope for the refugees.

__2.What was the government's attitude toward Japanese Americans?__ To the government, these Japanese Americans were had to alienated. These group of citizens had to be supervised and watched, because they could be guilty of doing something mischievous such as helping Japan out by spying on Americans. The government did not see these people as "Japanese- Americans." They were just pure "Japanese" to them.

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 * 5/9/12 Class 44 Work**
 * 1) Guided Reading: The Allied Victory (Chapter 6 Section 4)**

__A. Analyzing causes and recognizing effects__
 * 1. Battle of El Alamein

October 23, 1942, British forces followed by Montgomery had a frontal attack on El Alamein without a special strategy. Even though the Germans resisted the British forces still knocked their enemies. || 2. Operation Torch

As Rommel and his forces retreated to the West. Allied forces led by an American general, Dwight Eisenhower, launched this strategy of trapping the Germans between Montgomery and Eisenhower's armies. On May 1943, the Allies were able to completely crush Rommel's Afrika Korps. ||
 * 3. Battle of Stalingrad

On August 23, 1942, Germans were locked in the city of Stalingrad, but later surrendered. Even though the Soviets that pulled a counter attack had lost many lives and was left with a destroyed city, they were able to turn Germany's offensive act to defensive. || 4. Invasion of Italy

Instead of attacking France as Stalin requested, Roosevelt and Churchill of America and Britain attacked Italy. Even though Germany had supported Italy as an Ally, the Allies knocked down both Mussolini of Italy and Germany by April 27, 1945. ||
 * 5. Propaganda campaigns on home front

Propaganda was used in many of the the Allied powers. This encouraged citizens of all age and gender to help out financially for supplies such as tanks, artillery shanks, and other equipments. In U.S. propaganda played a role in alienating Japanese- Americans from U.S. citizens. Even the government considered these people a threat to the nation and had sent all of them away to camps. || 6. D- Day invasion

This invasion was trick to the Germans, for the Allies pretended to prepare to attack the French seaport of Calais. On June 6, 1944, the D-Day invasion commenced and within a month the Allies knocked German defenses and liberated France, Belgium, and Luxembourg. This was a major victory for the Allies. ||
 * 7. Battle of the Bulge

This was the final battle of WWII that started off with Germany's little success in pushing American defenses. However the Allies quickly picked up the fight and advanced into Berlin and the Soviets surrounding the city from the opposite side. Germany had surrendered with the news of its leader, Hitler, committing suicide on May 7th, 1945. 6 years of fighting had resolved with the victory of the Allies and surrender of the Nazis. || 8. Battle of Leyte Gulf The Allies had reached the Philippines to fight the Japanese. The battle began October 23 of 1944 when the Japanese destroyed the American fleets in an attempt to cut the Allies supply line. However this cost a lot of Japanese and they had to use kamikazes, pilots that sunked the Allied ships. || After a month of fighting the American Marines took Iwo Jima and Okinawa. The War ended on June 21, 1945 with the defeat of the Japanese and heavy losses for both sides. || 10. Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Allies had decided to completely crush Japan. A quickest way without losing men was dropping the Atomic bomb created from the Manhattan Project. Month after sending Japanese a warning, August 6, 1945 the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Next, on August 9, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing thousands of men. September 2nd, Japan surrendered and the war ended. ||
 * 9. Battle of Okinawa

__B. Recognizing Facts and Details__ 1. **Bernard Montgomery:** He was a successful British general that lead in many battles, especially the Battle of El Alamein, that completely knocked down the Germans. 2. **Dwight Eisenhower:** He was a U.S. general that showed leadership qualities such as cooperation, showing of affection, and flexibility in handling different people. He was the commander in important battles such as the Operation Torch and D-day invasion. Later he acted as a heroic leader that ended Nazi aggression permanently.

Even though the two videos covered the same topic the mood in which each films focused on were different. The Hollywood film was very emotional. It focused on showing how the soldiers in D-Day must have faced and how they must have actually fought. It did not fail to show deaths of many soldiers, just like how the scene must have been back in 1944. On the other side the documentary does not focus on one particular time of an event. Instead, it shows series of events that eventually lead to France's liberation and seizure of the Nazis. Even though factually the documentary would be more accurate and is providing more educational information, I still think the Hollywood film was more true. The somber scenes in the Hollywood film, of Allied soldiers approaching the German soldiers to fight looked more realistic than soldiers gaily smiling or relaxingly shaving their beard, which showed in the documentary. Therefore, I think the Hollywood dramatization is more "true."
 * 2)** **How is the same history conveyed so differently in these two videos? Which do you think is more "true": the Hollywood dramatization or the documentary?**

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__**Japanese internment**__ The Japanese internment was not fair. As we look back to wars and series of battles, we can see that most of them are created by the government. It was the Japanese government that was in charge of its expansionism and invading countries all over the world. Unjustly the targets being punished were the innocent Japanese-Americans living in the U.S. I understand that U.S. experienced reasonable amount of conflicts with battle and became cautious toward Japanese after the Bombing of Pearl Harbor. However turning around the entire lives of Japanese Americans was unfair. They did not have to pay the price that the government of their own country owed America.
 * 5/7/12 Class 43 Work**

I recognize the symbol of Nazism on the Germans' uniforms and in their surroundings. There is a great dictator Hitler, and Donald Duck is recommended to read Mein Kampf, written by the leader. At the end I recognize the clothing that represents America and a little model of the Statue of Liberty. The messages are that it is hard being a Nazi and fulfilling all of Adolf Hitler's orders. Also the constant threatening to Donald Duck shows that the Nazis were expected to behave and be educated in a certain way. The message at the end shows that it is best being an American, because that is the country that offers the most freedom. The companies produced the cartoons to raise the sense of nationalism. If the Americans had seen this cartoon, they will be relieved and will be proud of their own nation. They will appreciate the privileges they get in U.S. and will want to return back to the countries by participating or supporting in the war.
 * 1) Wartime propaganda cartoon by Walt Disney**
 * ======What wartime images do you recognize from your study of the war?======
 * ======What are some of the messages of this cartoon?======
 * ======Why do you think companies like Disney and Warner Brothers produced these cartoons during the war?======

I see Uncle Sam, symbolizing the United States. Also Christmas accessories and signs emphasize the month of December, 1944. Since there are rows of boxes needing to be finished up, it also indicates that the U.S.A Salvage Program requires teamwork and order. The intended message is that America will need a lot of teamwork and efficiency for their new project. This poster is obviously trying to get the entire nation to get involved in the war.
 * 2) Political Cartoon for the home front **
 * ====== What is in the cartoon? Explain the symbolism you see. ======
 * ======What is the intended message of the cartoon?======

1. Over 3,500,000 children and women were sent away to other cities and neighboring countries to avoid bomb raids done by the Germans. 2. Oblivious children were quite happy to be going to other places, while a few did not want to leave their homes. 3. Out of the millions of children, they were reported to be evacutated to Lancashire, Sussex, Yorkshire, and tons of other places in foreign countries. 1. With food deprivation, in January the 1940, the citizens had to obtain food through rationing that limited the quantity and the selection of food they could have each week. Other foods that weren't part of the rationing could be obtained by points. 2. Each family had to register with a store in which they would by the food. Each of the family members had a ration book. 3. Also, there was a specific dressing code for boys and girls. They had to pay coupons for new clothing and even that was limited to 48 every year per person. On top of that, most families did not have dry machines, so if something was washed it could not be worn again immediately. 1. Most women helped at the war in their own ways: working in the Land Army, factories, joining Women's Voluntary Service (WVS), working as Air Raid Wardens, and even working in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. 2. The WVS, in which majority of the women joined carried out different important tasks such as helping evacuees, driving ambulances, running centres, nurseries and so much more. 3. Women working under the Auxiliary Territorial Service could not participate in the war as a combatant or run any ammunition, but they were still working in the work sites with guns and air crafts. 1. Messages were delivered to the people or a certain audience through propaganda posters. 2. These propaganda posters often warn the enemies, in this case Hitler of Germany. 3. Some propaganda posters encouraged women to rise up and made them believe of their capabilities.
 * 3) Life on the Home Front in Great Britain**
 * ======Children at war======
 * ======Rationing======
 * ======Women at war======
 * ======Messages of war======

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 * 5/5/12 Class 42 Work**
 * 1) Japan's Pacific Campaign (Chap 16 Sec 2)**

__A. Drawing conclusion__

__B. Summarizing__ (identifying Isoroku Yamamoto and Douglas MacArthur) Isoroku Yamamoto was Japan’s greatest strategist in the project of conquering the Briish controlled colonies, the Pacific Islands, and the Southeast Asian countries. His biggest enemy in achieving the goal was the U.S. These two enemies fought series of battles. Douglas MacArthur was a general with leadership qualities. He was the commander of the Allied land forces in Pacific and participated in Battle of Guadalcanal that completely changed the tide of power for the Japanese.

A. Let Sam do it During Japan's expansionism, the League of Nations are not responsible for stopping Japan's invasion of China. In fact they are pointing fingers to Sam. All the obligations are given to the U.S., represented as Sam in the cartoon. This is the perspective of Americans that must be in charge of ceasing Japan's misdeeds.
 * 2) Political Cartoons Descriptions**

B. Let Others Sweat and Toil This Japanese viewed cartoon opposes the Europeans' imperialism. It particularly blames American and Great Britain for the greediness and sluggishness that is suffering the Japanese. This shows that Japan should rise up and become powerful so they can let other colonies sweat and toil for them.

c. Light of Asia This cartoon is by the Japanese view of how controlling they are over the world including the League of Nations. The strong fist in the document indicates that Japan is so in control that they do not need to follow the orders of the League of Nations.

d. Japan in New Guinea This cartoon in the perspective of the Australians that are supporting the Americans. By looking at how filthily drawn the Japanese guy is and the angle of perspective, the idea that the Australians oppose Japan's expansionism is shown. If the Japanese cross one step closer to New Guinea, Australians are ready to defend any time.

__1. Why did Japan attack the United States of America? Provide evidence from the source below in your answer.__ While Japan was occupied with its expansionism through the invasion of Manchuria, then China, the U.S. had been their obstacles. In 1931, Japan had invaded Manchuria to gain bigger territories. However the Americans refused to recognize Manchuria as an independent state. In 1935, when Japanese had targeted China as their new territories, USA refused to ship war materials In fact, they supported China against Japan. The relationship between Japan and America turned into an unpleasant state and out of hatred Japan attacked the U.S. They explicitly warned the Americans by dropping bombs in Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
 * 3) Pearl Harbor Questions**

__2. Key Events of Pearl Harbor__ Before: In the early 1941, the U.S. and Japan negotiated for its expansion in Asia. However at the same time Japan was secretly preparing to attack U.S. During: On Sunday, December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor. Unprepared Americans were surprised. They suffered 2,000 casualties and suffered immensely. After: On December 8, 1941, the U.S. Congress declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941. Three days after, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, sided with Japan and declared war on U.S.

Very well done! 10/10

__1) What was Operation Sea Lion?__ > Operation Sea Lion was Hitler's plan to invade Britain, also known as the Battle of Britain. __2) Why did the battle not look good for Britain?__ > The Germany air force was strong and huge in numbers. The British air force wasn't as powerful and they were outnumbered by almost thousands. __3) What advantage did Britain have?__ > The entire nation of Britain had a strong determination to resist and fight Germany back. Their goal was never to surrender. Along with this strong impulse, the British had radar. The information sent from the wavelengths of the radar indicated the distance, speed, and height of the German aircraft helping Britain to prepare for a good defense. Also, other countries from all over the world had sent air crafts to Britain to help fighting in the battle. __4) What was Germany's mistake?__ > In Aug, 1940, RAF bombers attacked Berlin. This was the capital city of Germany. The outcome of a destructed the city, even though the harm was minor, infuriated Hitler. Hitler then sent orders to attack the British cities including London. This commenced the blitz which later caused Germany's lost of air crafts and its withdrawal. __5) What was the impact of the bombing of London? How did the bombing of London aid Britain's cause?__ > The bombing of London was responsible for thousands of citizens' deaths, destruction of thousands of buildings residences, and factories. However this also aided Britain's cause by giving them time to rebuild the air fields. The increased production of air crafts from this also favored the life expectancy for the RAF. __6) Why was the outcome of the battle of Britain significant for the Allies?__ > Britain resisting Germany's attack showed hopes that Hitler could be defeated.
 * 5/4/12 Class 41 Work**
 * A. Questions**

Britain was able to hold off the German invasion because the whole nation including its citizens had a strong determination to fight back.All the courageous and obliging men enrolled in armies, fought as Home Guards, worked as Air Raid Wardens**.** Even women took roles in servicing children and families as well as working in the Royal Air Force. Those who couldn't physically help in the war supported by fundraising money. Often used pots and pans were donated to create new air crafts. Along with the entire nation cooperating against Germany, Britain also had a secret weapon: radar. It was their biggest hope because the system gave information for the Royal Air Force. The available information was the location of the enemies such as the speed, size, height or their air crafts. Britain had 50 of the radar stations that promised advanced preparation of defense. Therefore, the entire Britain embroiling with a strong determination along with its advanced technology was key to how it survived Germany's invasion.
 * B. How British held off the German invasion**

Podcast notes? 8/10

__Unit 1Assessment__ 2) //Turning Point:// The biggest turning point for the Allies was the First blitz-krieg. Before Hitler had created a Nazi-Soviet Pact with Russia and went out for Poland, the Allies did not pay much attention to Hitler and his plans. However after the invasion of Poland, Germany's territories grew and it became more powerful. Of course, Germany would not stop at that. Hitler soon aimed for all the Western parts of Europe that alerted France and Britain and started WWII. Therefore, the First blitz-krieg was the cause of the struggles the Allies will face in the future.
 * 4/30/12**
 * **Cause** || **Effect** ||
 * First blitz-krieg || Russia's Stalin goes out for Eastern Poland after Hitler's success on invading the Western Poland. With many struggles and losses, the Soviet Union gains Poland after all. Soon, France and Germany has a sitz-krieg (sitting war) then ends with a surprised from Germany's invasion of Denmark and Norway. Germany keeps invading France's neighboring countries in an attempt to a future invasion of France. ||
 * Allies stranded at Dunkirk || France falls and Paris is taken by the Germans. Only the Southern part of France is to be ruled in humiliation. However a French general, Charles de Gaulle encourages all French to reunite and resist the Germans. On the other hand, Britain now has to face Hitler alone. ||
 * Land-Lease Act (March 1941) || America was involved in WWII and Britain was helped by them. The secret meetings between President Roosevelt and Churchill later produced the Allies' peace plan. ||

//8) How were Napoleon's invasion of Russia and Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union similar?// Napoleon's invasion of Russia and Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union both revolve around Poland. Napoleon and Russia have had an alliance in the early 1800s that broke because both of the nations had wanted Poland Napoleon had made the first move. Hitler and the Soviet Union on the other side, created an alliance called the Nazi-Soviet Pact that promised peace between the nations and equally sharing of Poland**.** However Hitler wouldn't stop at this; he later broke the alliance with the Soviet Union and invaded the nation. Even though the nation of Poland was utilized differently in the case of Napoleon's invasion and Hitler's invasion, both of them included betraying an ally by invading them and turning them into an enemy.

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 * 4/29/12**

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 * 4/25/12**
 * Fascism: Not a Great Idea!**

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 * 4/19/12**
 * The Great Depression**

__Station 1__
 * 4/16/12**
 * The Great Depression**

__Station 2__ Thesis: Even the the U.S. couldn't bear the darkness of the Great Depression. A: A titanic stock market collapses in October 29th, ringing the bell of the Great Depression in America. B: Increase in unemployment lead millions of families into hopeless starvation. C: Millions of migrants left home in hopes of finding a new life in the city, where they would soon discover things aren't any better.
 * 1) //International Herald Tribune:// The Mighty United States of America Goes Hungry**

Thesis: From Black Tuesday, October 29th, stock markets collapses and thousands and millions of dollars vanish into the air. A: Business men from the cities and farmers from the rural areas all experience unemployment and poverty. B: The chaotic environment leads to migration of thousands of lives and children leave schools. C: The Dust Storm worsens the trauma for all migrants on roads and citizens are ready for the government to take actions to fix up this suffering.
 * 2) New York Times: Help! What Will the Government do for these Starving, Unemployed, Homeless Citizens?**

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 * China: Not Always the Best**

//Was Mao a better or worse national leader than Stalin?// Mao's impulse for wanting modernize China is totally understandable. Perhaps this was a common goal that many of leaders different countries have attempted to achieve. Even though Mao was responsible for millions of deaths of Chinese citizens and his misdeeds weighed equivalent misdeeds that Stalin has done on Russia, he was also the hero of the newborn China after his own life. Without Mao, China could still be an uncivil, industrialized up to this present day. Also I personally respect him for liberating Chinese women and making the society more livable for them. Therefore, Mao was if not better, a preferable leader than Stalin.
 * 4/10/12**
 * Station 3**

__Chapter 1 Japan Boosts its Power on Asia__ Section 1: Modernization of Japan Japan was just another not industrialized country in Asia. This however changed amid 1800s as Japan opened up to trading with the United States and soon with other European countries. Japan's instinct reaction anger because America had explicitly forced this trade and offered treaties favoring their own country. However the trading opened Japan up to more opportunities including, adapting Germany's government and army system, teaching children American education, and adjusting its country under the idea of imperialism.Towards the end of 1800s, Japan gradually became stronger and eventually was recognized was the strongest military power in Asia. It was the early 20th century that Japan began to manipulate its power. caption: Japan interacts with many countries including the United States, Germany, and others.
 * Station 2**
 * an map of Japan showing the trading routes with European countries in arrows.

Section 2: Expansion of Japan Japan was a tiny country with a huge population. Along with this reason, Japan wanted to utilize its power by expanding its territories. The first targets were the neighboring countries: China and our very own nation, Korea. A big conflict was the war between the Japanese and Russians over China's Manchurian territory in 1904. Even Russia couldn't defeat Japan who have just demonstrated her power. In 1905, Japan aimed for Korea. Korea was attacked and soon enough after five years of resisting, it had lost control of its nation to Japan. A mass of population of Korea was sent to Japan as workers. To keep Korea under control another mass of Japan's population emigrated to Korea. In their new territory, they had brainwashed Koreans and attempted to completely discard their cultures. Speaking Korean was restricted and only Japanese was to be used and taught by schools. Businesses ran in Korea fundamentally benefited Japan. This exploitation would go on until Korea's citizens begins a nationalist movement and stands up for their nation. caption: A Korean student is learning Japanese with books brought from Japan. The boy in the background is being punished for speaking Korean in class
 * an image of a class with Korean students learning Japanese with a teacher from Japan

Section 3: Well Written, yet selfish reasons Japan was blamed for its selfishness and its desire to conquer Asia. However the Japanese that their own mindset of viewing their behaviors. As mentioned in Section 2, Japan was a crowded country. They claimed that seizing of Manchuria was a natural action for Japan to take and was not for a self centered reason because they had helped developing the Manchurian Empire as friends. Japan's biggest clarification of invading Korea along with many impotent countries was that, "it was the wish of God... to develop these underdeveloped lands and to promote the happiness of mankind in their stead." These irrational, yet well written reasons had made the world go speechless. caption: Japan disguises itself as a ever giving, mother country of Asia.
 * an illustration of Japan symbolized as a man embracing Korea and other countries, symbolized as little kids.

//4) Analyzing Causes and Recognizing Effects: How did the Treaty of Versailles add to China's problems?// The primary reason for China joining in WWI was to obtain the Great Powers**'** support. It had thought that joining alongside of the Allies would later help them to modernize the nation, cease the foreign control and gain independence. However as WWI ended, the //Treaty of Versailles// left China in a huge trauma. Germany had given its control on China over to Japan. This counteracted in China's hopes of stopping foreign control. China had faced more problems than ever before.
 * Station 1**


 * Russian Revolution: making an impression**

media type="youtube" key="W58Czy3iCm0" height="155" width="210"


 * 4/6/12 Chapters In Brief Question**

The Russian Revolution started out as a simple feeling of unsatisfactory of the citizens against the King Nicholas. He was viewed as an unprofessional and not leader material king that took advices from a lousy monk. He did a pitiful job on controlling his people and making clarification against the rumors about his family that went around everywhere in Russia. Also at the time peasants whom made up the majority of population were suffering from land losses from WWI and unworkable environment. Everybody was in a great fatigue from fighting the war. They needed a hero to make everything right again, for things to settle. It was a radical named Lenin who boldly stepped forward on March 1st, 1917 and discarded the tie of WWI for Russia. King Nicholas gets overthrown by the citizens for Lenin, who creats a communist group with the popular idea of "Peace, Land, and Bread." However this is only the beginning of the Russian Revolution. Ideas will soon spark its flames and lead to further more alterations: Industrialization and Communism.
 * Part 1: //What did Russia have a revolution in 1917?//**

media type="file" key="Joseph Stalin WH.mp3" width="240" height="20"
 * Part 2: Joseph Stalin Podcast**


 * Part 3: Propaganda Questions**

1. What is the message that this poster is trying to get out to the Russian people? This propaganda poster is trying to convince the Russians that Mosselprom is the place you want to be. All of the foods surrounding the man looks very alluring. At last, the smile on the well-fed man indicates that he is happy, which is promising a decent life in Mosselprom. This is not the type that will threaten the audience, but the a one that will entice them.

2. Do you find this piece of propaganda to be compelling? Why or why not? Yes, the man in the center with all the things around him and the decent looking complex looks like a good place to be. Also I assume those all sorts of food around the man brought a lot of Russians' attention because it was during the time everybody starved.

Poster Black Person Citation

[]

//Evaluating Decisions: How did the Treaty of Versailles reflect the different personalities and agendas of the men in power at the end of World War I?// Explicitly all the great European powers aimed for obtaining anything that was beneficial for their own nations. Nations that suffered from losses from the war were occupied feeding themselves. For example the five great powers raising undeveloped countries through a mandate system was purely so that they could seize any resources or goods that would benefit their countries in the future. As for France, We can see that the nation had a very vengeful personality for wanting Germany to propose War Guilt. Even though WWI happened on the very land of France, and Germany was the country who has caused most of the destruction of the country, unlike other great powers France wanted retaliation that cost beyond what Germany logically owed it. A special case was the United States. The representative of the country, President Woodrow Wilson, personally wanted a League of Nations where countries met to compromise and solve world's dilemmas. However his dream to create a whole different world, because the rest of the nation had no interests in creating world's peace. This shows that all the great powers, including America have different personalities and agendas at the end of World War I. However in the end, they all seem to be the same self centered nations to me.
 * 4/5/12 (from the reading //A Flawed Peace// pgs. 424-427, 428)**

Our (myself, Linda, and Phillip) group discussion on the Trench Warfare is on Linda Park's wiki page
 * 3/8/12**


 * 2/27/12 Comparing Maps**

Q: //Why might Serbia have staked a claim to Bosnia and Herzegovina? Why might Russia have been interested in helping further that claim? Why would Germany and Austria-Hungary have resisted any moves for Bosnian (used to mean Bosnia and Herzegovina) secession from Austria-Hungary?// A: Serbia staked a claimed to Bosnia and Herzegovina because they were all Slavic groups. Serbia have always wanted to gather all the Slavs and nationalize these regions. When Austria, who really is charge of Serbia was opposing this idea, Russia was supportive. First of all Russia was allied to Serbia and it probably felt obliged to help further Serbia's claim. However the main interest was probably to develop Slavic influences in Europe, because after all Russia was also one of the Slavic groups. Germany and Austria- Hungary on the other hand wanted to keep grasping Bosnia and Herzegovina in control in the mindset of imperialism. The last thing they wanted was for Slavs to stir a rebellion and start demanding for change.

10/10

__The Impact of Nationalism__
 * 2/15/12 The Rise of Nationalism**
 * ~ Positive Results ||~ Negative Results ||
 * * People overcame differences for the common good of the nation.
 * The colonial rule was overthrown.
 * Democratic governments spread throughout the nations and the world.
 * Competitions among the nations encouraged the advances of science and technology. || * Some cultures of smaller population were forced to assimilate the nation's majority culture.
 * Unwanted ethnic groups were killed in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s.
 * Nazism (a kind of a racism) and such nationalistic movements occurred.
 * High competition between nations lead to conflicts and warfare. ||
 * High competition between nations lead to conflicts and warfare. ||

Q: Do you think nationalism has had a more positive or negative impact on the world? Support your opinion with evidence. A: Even though there were many pros to countries that practiced nationalism, the negative impacts from this idea outnumbered the postive impacts. When looking at a single country, the societies in nationalists' countries became a better nation for citizens. Democratic governing became the trend throughout the world. People began to have national pride and the confidence lead to competitions that progressed the world both scientifically and technologically. However this was one of the factors that lead to warfare. Intensive competitions lead to bloody battlefields that killed people. Also the idea of racism which is a belief in racial superiority was created. A specific type of racism called Nazism. Nazism created hostility between the Aryans of Germans and the Jews that disrupted world peace. Also to nationalize a country, cultures with less supporters had to assimilate the nation's majority culture. I think this is not a good idea because I'm a strong believer with appreciating different people's customs and ideas and accepting them the way they want to believe them, like Ghandi used to. However forcing cultures to unite into a single idea devastates the whole idea of appreciating differences, a 21st century's mind. Therefore nationalism and the abudance of its negative impacts are more disadvantageous to the world then helpful.

__Types of Nationalist Movements__

In unification, two or more parts of lands that are similar in culture (language, society, food, and etc) were unified even though politically they were isolated from one another. As nationalism ideas spread, some areas were forced to unite. Some cultural groups that were distinct to each other caused separation, in which they refused to be added to a state or attempted to break apart once they were united. However in some countries for example the United States all distinct groups (13 colonies) eventually went through State-building. All the groups that believed and practiced diversified cultures were united into a new state and accepted a brand new culture.
 * 1. Using the table above, explain the characteristics of each type of Nationalistic movement in your own words.**

//2.// **What do you think would have happened to the empires (e.g. Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire) during the rise of nationalism?** During the rise of nationalism, several empires existing in a single country have adapted the idea of nationalism that encouraged the unification of distinct groups of different cultures. This bonded all of the citizens as the title of "the citizen of _ country." However as all of the cultures were unified into only one culture, those groups who followed a culture with not many population had to sacrifice their customs for the deed of the common good. For example in the Islamic World out of the three Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal empires, the ottoman empire was the only empire that spoke Turkish as their official language while the other two spoke Persian. Therefore if these empires were united their new nation would naturally use Persian as their national language because the majority used Persian. This applies to any other empires such as the Austrian Empire. Therefore nationalism sacrificed many of those who came from a scarce culture.

__Key Skill: Analyzing Political Cartoons__

The symbol that suggests that Italy will soon be a nation is the boot that is being worn by the King of Sardinia.
 * 1. Clarifying: What symbol does the cartoonist use for the soon-to-be nation of Italy?**

Garibaldi is portrayed as a loyal and helpful man who is helping the king put on his boots. Since the boot has the lable, "Italy" on it I think Garibaldi is helping the king accomplish the unification of the states of Sardinia to be nationalized into Italy. The sword laid besides him shows me that he has power and is willingful of making nationalizing come true.
 * 2. Making Inferences: How is Garibaldi portrayed?**

The title, //Right Leg in the Boot at Last//, shows that the cartoonist is pro Italian unification. It sounds like he/she was also craving desperately for Italian unification and now that it had happened, the cartoonist is satisfied.
 * 3. Analyzing Bias: What does the title of the cartoon say about the cartoonist's view of Italian unification?**

__CASE STUDY: Germany__

1) Create a flow chart that shows the key events that led the unification of Germany.

2) Looking at the map on page 263, answer the two geography skillbuilder questions. Prussian territory in 1865 were all scattered around in Europe. West Phalia, which is a part of the Prussian territory was isolated by a border of other areas that later eventually became a part of Prussia. On 1871, there was a biggest expansion of South German States joining Prussia to form the German Empire.
 * a. Location: What was unusual about the territory of Prussia as it existed in 1865?**
 * b. Movement: After 1865, what year saw the biggest expansion of Prussian territory?**

3) Design a national symbol for the newly formed Germany. Include symbols that best represent the spirit or values of the German people at this time. Write a short paragraph explaining your symbol and its significance.

This strange symbol of Germany has lots of meanings. As for the biggest part, the sign of the Olympic shows the national pride Germans have in their country. As the country has expanded over time, there was potential in German. That is the reason why an unripe strawberry is inside the Olympic sign, representing the word "potential." Roses are beautiful, they stand upright in a graceful figure, but when you look closely you see the defensive thorns sticking out onto all sides of the stem of the rose. Germany, because of the hardships it has gone through from unification is probably very defensive of their country. Also the rose relates to the Ferrero Rocher chocolate. Just like the chocolate is bumpy and hard on the surface, but is creamy and soft inside the shell, Germany's phenomenal leader, Otto Von Bismark was a ruthless politician to other neighboring countries dominated by Prussia. However to Prussia and German, he was a hero.

You cannot use a recognizable symbol, like the Olympic rings, and not have them mean what they mean to people (i.e. sports!) Interesting use of Ferrerro Rocher (although I believe it is Italian!), if somewhat facetious.

19.5/20

__Terms and Names__ 1) sepoys: These group of soldiers rose up in rebellion with rage of forceful ruling that violated their religious laws. 2) Sepoy Mutiny: This mutiny caused the turning point for India where the British government took over the direct rule of of India. The differences in culture, religious, politic diverged between the British and the Indians. 3) Congress Party: This political group consisted of mostly Hindus and a smaller portion of Muslims fought for equality of Indians. 4) Mohandas K Gandhi: This nationalist leader encouraged the Indians to fight for justice against the British without violence. The people who chose disobey laws instead of using violence to rebel, directed by Ghandi, eventually gained higher wages, tax reductions, and better working conditions. Also for the benefit of all Indian citizens, Ghandi worked to achieve inner peace within the country and to reduce the tensions between the Hindus and the Muslims. 5) Muhammad Ali Jinnah: This leader in the Muslim League of the Congress Party attempted to unify Hindus and Muslims just like Ghandi. When things didn't work out and India had split into four different countries, Jinnah took the role as the first ever leader of Pakistan, a proud independent nation.
 * 2/14/12 Imperialism of India & Pakistan (Case Study India and Britain)**

__Main Ideas__ 1) The four factors that contributed to Britain's conquest of India were technologically and quantitatively superior military forces compared to the Indians, chose in Indian kingdoms from a fierce power to struggle, organized and united goals of the British towards India, and British bringing political stability to the Indian government that once used to be disorganized. 2) The cause of the Sepoy Mutiny was from the rage felt by Hindu or Muslim that were forced to violate their religious laws and customs. These angry sepoys refused to load the weapons with the cartridges and were accused of mutiny. The result was that British government took over the direct rule of India from the East India company as soon as the mutiny was put to an end. This big shift in governing caused cultural, religious, and political divisions between the British and the Indians. 3) Members of the Indian national Congress and its ideas to promote self-government and independence promoted Indian independence. 4) The four principals of Ghandi's philosophies are that life should be simple, not intended towards materials, people should be tolerant and accepting others' religious beliefs, one should devote his/her life for the deed of others (sacrifice), and to fight to justice and moral rights without violence. 5) At first, Jinnah strived towork nationalism between the Hindus and the Indians. However his efforts to unify these two groups had failed because the Congress Party did not agree with his ideas. Because the Congress Party consisted of mostly Muslim that wanted a separate nation from the Hindus, the country was in a great dilemma and even Jinnah could not solve this collision. After all, Jinnah ended up asking for a separate government and in the new independent country, the nation of Pakistan, he became the first ever leader.

__Documents__ 6) Document C, the one about Sir Alfred Lyall is Pro British. The quote "We are changing the habits of thought, the religious ideas, the moral level of the whole country... we shall have conferred upon the Indians great and permanent benefits, and shall have left a good name for ourselves in history," suggest that this speaker supports Imperialism. He thinks spreading British ideas that change the customs of Indian people will benefit the Indians as well as giving his own country fame. He is supportive of Britain's imperialism and its affects on Indians. On the other hand document D, the one primarily from Indian Peasant reflects how imperialism had over worked the working class of India, how it had brought misery to many lives, and how all the profits created from the efforts of these citizens are not used for their country, but for foreign imperialists.

7) The Indians in the lowest levels of their society such as peasants and such people of these occupations will no longer be mistreated and will have the rights to seek for the same opportunities and wealth that comes along as others. According to 17 untouchability, where a person is considered impure because of what jobs they have, is abolished. Also since they are to acquire any property or to practice any profession or carry on businesses and trades freely as the citizen of India, life will no longer be dependent on which family you you were born from. All that will matter is how hard working each individuals are and everybody will be fairly paid by their abilities, which gives hopes to all under classmen such as a farmer can even open a trading post and become wealthy. The key to this justice is that there will be quality of opportunity for all citizens in relating to employment or appointment, proposed in 16.

8) From scratch Britain discarded anything that would give Indians freedom. The Rowlatt Acts passed by the Governor general of India restricted Indians from any freedoms. Because all the citizens have lived without justice and human rights, they were oblivious of how mistreated and unjust their lives were. Therefore it took a long time for Indians to realize the downhill side of British imperialism on their country.

__Critical Thinking__ 9) The causes of the cultural conflict between the British and the Indians were differences of customs of two cultures and Britons' ideas that they were superior while the Indians were inferior just because of their race.

10) British ruling over India had pros and cons. Some positive effects were that British controlling the government brought political stability. Before India was dominated in the hands of Britain's severely divided states created chaos and competition between the power of different regions. However the government was united by the Britain the system of law became efficient and organized. To transport valuables to their country more efficiently and quickly, Britain constructed railroads. Also health standards and water systems were improved increasing the quality of lives for those in India. However India had lost countless things from this relationship with the British. Because all the goods such a jute, wheat, tea, cotton was given to Britain and the finished products were traded back to India, the wealth only flowed into the hands of the British. Later Indians became dependent on Britain and have lost some of their own ideas, customs, and traditions. Without their mother country, Britain, India wasn't self sufficient to progress economically and practice modernization.

11) Ghandi's four principals were affective in dealing with powerful Great Britain because his ideas of living simply not towards materials went against the Britains thoughts of becoming wealthy as the best living method. Also when the Britians taught to Westernize Indians in a way that was "better" Ghandi proposed that people should be tolerant of others beliefs instead of changing what is different. Instead of devoting for the benefits and deeds of India, Britain's indigenous intention to extract all of the specialties of India to feed their ambition of having wealth and power was proved wrong by Ghandi.

12) Muslims demanded a separate nation because they felt powerless to make changes and the idea of nationalism didn't mean much to most of them. Hindus took the largest portion of the Indian population and Muslims were afraid that once the nation was united only the views of the Hindus would be reflected.

13) The colony of India broke up into India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka because of the differences in beliefs of religion and the tensions that grew between Hindus and Muslims. Even phenomenal leaders such as Jinnah or Ghandi could not achieve their dreams of nationalism.

20/20


 * 2/13/12 Global Impact of Imperialism**
 * 1**

China
 * 2**




 * 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know?**
 * This image is anti imperialism. The way the man in the cartoon that is representing china shows grief on his face with chains all over his body shows how much China was controlled by the imperialists of the European countries. The cartoonist didn't forget to add where all the items he is wearing are from to show that China owns nothing and everything came from other countries.**


 * 2) What views of the native peoples are being communicated in each of the illustrations?**
 * Native people of China are no longer self-sufficient. Instead, all of the lives of the nation are depended upon their imperialists. Things had gotten to the point that without them, China is worthless.**


 * 3) What views are being communicated about the Europeans/Japanese in their role as imperialists?**
 * The imperialists must feed, clothe, and support the China because without them, the little impotent nation has nothing to offer to the world and cannot be enlightened. As well as educating China, imperialists must also make sure to keep this juvenile China under control of their hands so that way they do not run off and try to make progress in the wrong, non-European way.**


 * 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits** __//OR//__ **costs of imperialism?**
 * From Imperialism**, **a country will lose its endurance to be self sufficient! An imperialized country cannot process on its own.**

Korea


 * 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know?**
 * This image is anti imperialism. The way Japanese, Chinese, and Russians all seek to capture Korea (spelled as Corea, drawn as a fish) shows that this capture is only for the benefit for each of their countries. If a fisherman catches a fish, the fisherman definitely benefits. However the fish does not gain anything!**


 * 2) What views of the native peoples are being communicated in each of the illustrations?**
 * Korea at the time was weak and was to be colonized by many neighboring countries because it was defenseless. Even though both Japan and China seemed to be offering Korea something (worms, as benefits and improvement) behind the the bait was each countries greedy attempt to feed their own ambitions. However Korea is naive and does not know of this reality.**


 * 3) What views are being communicated about the Europeans/Japanese in their role as imperialists?**
 * It is Japan's and China's role as imperialists to allure Korea into becoming one of their colony so that these two countries will have larger territories, have goods that will convert into profits, that later result into building a strong, competitive nation.**


 * 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits** __//OR//__ **costs of imperialism?**
 * After being imperialized by the two neighboring countries, Korea may enjoy and proceed a better quality life. However this will not last as soon as China or Japan pull up the fishing rot (start to extract goods and use profits for their own deeds) and Korea (the fish) dies.**

U.S.A


 * 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know?**
 * This image is anti imperialism. In the image, like the law of nature, Nile Crocodiles and Crocodile birds are supposed to have mutualism where both of them benefit from the relationship. The Nile Crocodile (US) gets a teeth clean by the Crocodile bird (colonized country) who in return gets food. However if you look closely, underneath the mouth of the crocodile there is a body of a dead animal with only its skeletal systems left. To me it looks like the crocodile has eaten a previous crocodile bird that was feeding itself off of the teeth of the crocodile innocently. This image suggests that US may act out to gain trust from other countries, when trust is gained, they quickly transform into their greedy, true self that knows of nothing but only to feed itself.**


 * 2) What views of the native peoples are being communicated in each of the illustrations?**
 * The native people of the colonized countries have been betrayed by their mother country that promised to have an equal, parallel relationship to help each other out.**


 * 3) What views are being communicated about the Europeans/Japanese in their role as imperialists?**
 * Europeans must behave as if the world is your friend. The imperialists must not show their intentions until the colonized countries will no more suspect them or run away. When the time is right, imperialists must carry their goals into actions, do whatever it takes that will make their own country wealthier, and stronger, even if it means completely devastating their colonized nations.**

When it comes ti imperialism, Americans are traitors. At first they will approach you as a friend. However as soon as they realize they have become trust worthy to you (colonized countries) they will immediately chop off to obtain whatever hidden intentions they had toward your country in the first place.
 * 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits** __//OR**//__ costs of imperialism?


 * 3
 * 1) Feudalism and mercantilism were two economic systems that preceded capitalism. Review and summarize (in your own words) how they generated wealth. How does capitalism DIFFER from these two systems?**
 * Feudalism and mercantilism were big portions of capitalism. Feudalism was a system that started capitalism where the different classes of citizens and who they work for reflect their social statuses. Most of the wealthy land owners worked under the nobilities. The peasants who were working under the land owners would do the actual agriculture. Because most of the wealth flowed upwards to the nobilities and the land owners, Feudalism was an example of capitalism. On the other hand mercantilism created global markets that put the most strongest countries in competition for wealth. As a result the ideas of colonization and imperialization commenced as these strong mother countries looked for more resources and labor that wildly produced big economic growths.**


 * Even though feudalism, mercantilism, and capitalism all fall into a similar category capitalism is a whole different system. This system is intended for an individual's wealth whereas feudalism or mercantilism is ran by the government or nation and benefit a large group of citizens. Therefore the term capitalism can be used toward any specific political leader, factory/ land owner, or any superior being.**


 * 2) According to this lecturer, what forces drive capitalism?**
 * The lecturer emphasizes that the forces that drive capitalism include violence, markets, fossil fuels, labor, and resources, productivity, and innovation.**

These cartoons were well analyzed, showing an improvement over the last exercise! 20/20

2/8/12 Task 1: Discussion on Imperialism
 * [[image:Screen_shot_2012-02-09_at_8.22.28_PM.png]]This icon is Patricia Koo talking**
 * [[image:Screen_shot_2012-02-09_at_8.22.39_PM.png]]This icon is her partner, Amy Han talking**

Task 2: Scramble for Africa


 * 1) Which countries controlled the largest sections of Africa in 1914?__: Britain and France__ controlled the largest sections of Africa.**


 * 2) Why do you think these countries had the largest area of Africa?:**
 * Britain and France had more advantages to colonize Africa. First, their nation was closer to Africa than some of the other countries. Being closer to Africa made it easier for goods and people to be transported back and fourth within the mother countries and the colonized countries. More settlers probably have moved into these nations in Africa to exploit the land for the mother countries' benefits. Also, being able to constantly access or interfere with the colonized countries gave political power and rights to the government. The employees of the colonized states were mostly from the mother countries. This way the government could tamper around and modify laws to what brings most benefits to their home countries.**

Task 3: (Video) Colonization in 10 minutes
 * I've updated my notes below in the last assignment**

Task 4: European Imperialism in Africa
 * 1) What was the Berlin Conference?**
 * The Berlin Conference was the gathering among dominant European countries. It was created in 1884 and there were no black attendants.. This conference negotiated and discussed on distributing out the territories under the agreements from the other countries and practicing imperialism on the nations of Africa.**


 * 2) What were the three outcomes of the conference?**
 * The three outcomes the Berlin Conference came up with were; "to avoid collision between countries, a country should notify other countries in the conference beforehand and then make claims to expand their territories, when annexations are made they must be approved, and that treaties made with African rulers could be used as a source of sovereignty."**

Task 5: Analyzing political cartoons** YAY I'M DONE! You need to continue to practice your analysis of political cartoons, as several of these were misunderstood. Keep putting in the effort, and you will get better at it. 27/30
 * || Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know? || What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations? || What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists? || What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//**OR**//__ costs of imperialism? ||
 * 1 || This image is pro imperialism. the man in the picture who has both of his hands over Africa and the whole world seems to be educated and wealthy. I cannot find anything hints that gives a negative impression on the man. (For example, maybe the man could appear to be greedy, but I didn't see that.) || Africans are gold producers. They are beneficial to Europeans who are motherly to Africa. As the Europeans protect the Africans, the natives give wealth and territories to their mothers. || As imperialists, Europeans must guide and protect these infantile African nations, but they will also have benefits from Africa. || From imperialism, Africa is protected from the deadly world under the hands of the Europeans. In return it is fair for Europeans as guardians to extract goods from their baby country to create wealth. Because more powerful they are, more benefits Africans will also obtain. This relationship is fair! ||
 * 2 || This image is pro imperialism. There is a European, white man on the front. He is illustrated to look gentle and giving. The African, or dark skinned children look impotent and juvenile. You can tell by how poor they look because their legs are so skinny and their facial expressions (though it is hard to see) are somber. There is a tiny boy who is holding on to the pants of the European man. He seems to be dependent on the man. This is just like how Europeans viewed other nations' people as infantile beings that are needed of European help. || Without the Europeans that navigate Africans to live the right paths, Africans have nobody to depend on. Therefore Africans must hold on tight to Europeans to make sure they continue to help process and develop a strong nation. || Imperialists must have sympathy and compassion to guide these half devil, half children Africans to make sure they do not fall into any misdeeds. || I think the whole purpose of this image was to convey that Europeans truly started imperialism with the only intention of helping the unprivileged Africans and Asians. ||
 * 3 || By looking at the snake with the crown. I can immediately interpret that it's symbolic of imperialists. The snake looks vicious and violent towards the African man. The man (Africans) has no control over his body because the snake (imperialists) have wrapped around its long and strong body around the man, not giving him the malevolence to move an inch on his will. || Imperialists are misguiding the Africans to poverty, starvation, and death. However there is nothing they can do about it but just to wait and watch around. || Imperialists attack the defenseless African/ Asians, in greed to fulfill their intentions to dominate the world. || Africans are victims. They must realize how they are swayed side to side by the control of the European imperialists and stand up for themselves! ||
 * 4 || The three images are pro imperialism. In all of the images, there is also a European man and a man of a different race. They both seem to get along. Also in the context next to the second image, the poet/ illustrator made sure to show respect for India by expounding how the letter "I" is for India. || To Africans and Asians, imperialists are helpful. They kindly coach and counsel what the natives should do with their land and resources. || These people help other nations rediscover and use the resources efficiently. However they always keep in mind that in the back they are the owners of the lands and the regions. || Europeans are slightly better, even though we tell the non-Europeans they are the owners of this whole imperialism and are in control. ||
 * 5 || This image explicitly shows that it is anti imperialism. The European teacher has two different types of students in front of him. Those who are not white who have horribly depressed faces and white students holding up the books and getting decent education. Also a man in the background seems to be wiping windows and is insignificant in the image. || Like the working man in the back, Africans or Asians are workers and producers. The four little people on the couch seems asking for a change because they are unhappy with not having equal human rights as the citizens of the Europeans. || Europeans see themselves as more educated and superior beings, however this is a misconception. || The idea of racism came from Europeans who created imperialism. They give bad influences! ||
 * 6 || This image is anti imperialism. First, notice how the Africans are drawn as small and exposed beings. While the hawk with the crown (the imperialist) has two wide wings and claws so sharp, ready to grasps its victims. || The Africans are viewed as harmless beings, innocently living in the nature. They are not aware of the stroke that is about to fall upon them. || The hungry hawk that is ready to capture its prey conveys that imperialists are nothing but egotists who seek for benefits of only their nations. || Africans and Asians must watch out for imperialists of European nations. Before they know it, Europeans will devastate and take away everything! ||
 * 7 || This anti imperialism image has a man who pays no attention to what is going around right where he is. He occupies himself looking at a map that he might colonize over. In the background are dead people. It shows the harm the man looking at the map probably has done. I know this because the graceful woman in between the man and dead bodies, she is holding a scale symbolic of justice as the image said. The scale is tilted to the side where the man is. It tells me there was an unfairness between the man and these poor non-European people. || Africans are viewed as pathetic beings who are helpless on their own. || The man is viewed as a ruthless and careless person who knows of nothing but making sure his own stomach is full while others starve to death. (not literally, but used as an expression) || Imperialism causes war and extreme amount of labor. It kills people! ||

(newly updated on Feb 9th for Tasks # 3,4)
 * 2/6/12**
 * Age of Imperialism Table**

//Do Darwin’s theories apply to culture and society? Why or why not? Use the excerpts above and strong examples to support your points.//
 * Darwin Excerpts: Document Based Question:**

Yes, Darwin's theories applies to culture and society. For example Darwin had proposed survival of the fittest, meaning organisms the best inherited characters and physical features that can help prey victims, attract mates more easily, and have abilities beyond that will survive better, because they will be better competitors against all the others in the population. These explanations are also referred to as Natural Selection and Sexual selection. In life, culture is not an choice you can make. I had not chosen myself to be born in Indiana, Purdue, or have Korean parents that live under the Korean customs. That is relevant to organisms surviving with the features they were passed on from their ancestors. There is nothing you can change about that. However these organisms find their own methods and pathways of living. In The Origin Of Species, written by Darwin, he expounds how finches living in Galapagos islands came from the same ancestor. However as time passed by some of the finches had moved to neighboring islands where they obtained different sources of food. To adapt to this new environment, the finches' beaks have changed as well. Darwin investigated that finches living in the island with lots of nuts growing from the trees evolved to have short and thick beaks in order the crack the shells of the nuts. Whereas the finches living in the island with lots of insects evolved to have long and thin beaks in order to pick out the insects. He described this phenomenon as the divergence of characters leading up to distinct genera. Human beings are not much different. Even though we were born with certain qualities, whether we like them or not, we could change our statuses in society. A man who wants a peaceful life will go into suburbanite parts of the country, a man who has a lot of children to support will work harder, a man who is lonely will find a spouse. Just like the finches have evolved, the man who left to live in suburb is most likely to be relaxed, the man who worked harder would have gotten richer, and the man who was lonely ideally have found a wife and lovely children. The only difference here is that these three men chose to live the way they had lived whereas the finches, well, there wasn't the process of selecting how they would live. However in both of the organisms, the finches and the three men have adjusted/evolved to their environment and changed from their nature-born-selves.

1) What is “The White Man’s Burden” based on Rudyard Kipling’s description in this poem? In White Man's Burden, Kipling talks about changes in the slaves' lives from agriculture to industrialization under capitalism. Whether working on the field or working in factories, the poem describes the grief of the new proletariats or lumpenproletariats (some that used to be slaves) during. These working class people who are described to have somber lives because of the boureousies and the capitalists because their whole life and even their children work for entire days and nights and years. Even so, all of the effort and wealth flows upward and only into the upper class' pockets.
 * 2/3/12 The White Man's Burden**

2) Do you agree or disagree with Kipling’s characterization? Why or why not? I thought Kipling is articulate in describing these working class men's lives. From the details of not living thankfully to working for other's deed was specific. However on the other hand I did not like how Kipling showed racism toward enslaved Africans. I do not agree with Kiplings characterization of these working class men when I think it's really the Africans in slavery that's supposed to be complaining about their lives.

3) What does this say about the attitude of Europeans and Americans toward the rest of the world during the mid 1800 - early 1900’s? Use specific examples from the poem. Europeans and Americans during the mid- 1800 and early 1900s were racists. You could not blame them for thinking in such a way that makes them more superior then others because that's the way society has been and slavery was created. In the poem Kipling described the enslaved Africans as "half devil and half child." I think the owners of the slaves viewed Africans with not only hatred from racism, but also with a little bit of fear because they are referred to as devils. Another example was the second line, "Send fourth the best ye breed." Without thinking about it I knew white grown-men were the best breed of workers than any person of gender, nationalism, or age.

4) Is KIS an example of “The White Man’s Burden” in modern Korean society? Why or why not? KIS is not an example of The White Man's Burden. Korea International School, like the name is an international school. In an international school**,** many people all around the world of different ages, gender, and especially nationalism unite. I think everybody gets along with any other person in school, even though most of the population of KIS is Korean. However I also sense that students in KIS still have a little bit of if not racism, hard time accepting differences in appearance of one another. Clearly we cannot judge or varify others into different classes by education or wealth anymore because everybody is pretty equivalent in those qualities. However I still find group of friends only hanging out with the same colored skin people in hallways, classes, and in the cafeteria. Even sometimes I find myself having prejudice in insight of these people just because they are different outside. I hope the Korean society continues to process to become even more open minded than ever.

Notes:
 * Imperialism** is the process whereby the dominant politico-economic interests of one nation expropriate for their own enrichment the land, labor, raw materials, and markets of another people. It was from the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries when U.S pursued an agrressive policy of expansionism, extending its political and economic influence.

sources: http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/toc.html []

1) Andrew Carnegie and Friedrich Engels lived two utterly contrasting lives and believed in two separate ideas. First of all, Carnegie saw capitalism will bring success to American and make it the best home and self dependent market. However he was a multimillionaire. He certainly did not know the harsh conditions working class men, women, and children were in, and even if he knew he would have been busy feeding himself. Because the nation's wealth meant more profit for himself, he thought capitalism was the best and only way to govern. Friedrich Engels was the coauthor of The Communist Manifesto. In Manchester, he had seen many unprivileged people without barely any money and health life styles. If not for sympathy, he had interests in the idea of equality and supported communism. These two men's ideas and disagreement can be understood by their occupation and background history.
 * 2/2/11 Document-Based Questions (pg. 307)**

2) Mary Paul's mother or elder women she had seen in her childhood were probably spending all of their lives at home raising children, supporting the family, and basically living for others. Even though the laboring was intense Mary Paul seemed to like working in the spinning room with other working girls her age and be able to afford good food, resident, and clothing from wages, than what she owned back home.

3) I think the workers will be infuriated by the picture. They will abhor the fact that the victim in the picture is themselves, looking weak and disfigured, while the preys of this hunt are the capitalists. With the rage, the energy from the unity of people will be an opportunity to start and uprising against the capitalism. On the other hand the way socialism was illustrated, as an angel coming to rescue, will interest the workers and give them a goal what to fight for.


 * 1/30/11 Marx Questions**

1. Would Marx have agree that these countries were "communist"? Yes, Marx have agreed that the countries shown on the map were communists. His definition of communism was "a form of complete socialism in the means of production, which are owned by the people." For equality, an unequal distribution of wealth and material goods in unfair. Therefore distributing goods according to each person's need would be the most efficient. I know that North Korea, one of the socialist states labeled on the map, are under communism. Every single person worked to their abilities, but were paid the same to promote equality. These rulers of the countries claim to be //building// and working toward the establishment of socialism in their countries. Because of all these ideas with equality in distributions of wealth and work, Marx would have agreed that these countries were communists.

2. What has happened to the "communist" world (once called the "Second World", to distinguish it from the "First World" -- wealthy capitalist countries, and the "Third World" -- poor countries)? The communist world that is between the First World and the Third World is in in the progress of working their states from being poor to becoming wealthy. Like what Marx had said, these countries are building the way up to capitalism to socialism that is the most reasonable method to govern, create wealth, and to distribute the wealth throughout all men so that the spectrum of people with varying wealth would not be so extreme. I believe that eventually they will accept that socialism is the most efficient way and will become wealthy. However unless they are enlightened with this concept, they will continue their communism.

3. Why do you think this has happened? By looking at many countries labeled on the map that are communists, it made me wonder why it takes such a long time for them to accept socialism when the rest of the world (that are not communists). First we must be aware of the different periods of time countries commenced their own industrial revolution. While some countries had created the industrial revolution three hundred years ago like England, some have just started, others have not even gone to thinking of having industries. They still make livings off of agriculture. Countries that have not encountered the industrial revolution or are just starting to encounter it are oblivious of the fact that equally distributing money within the citizens will not encourage them to work more desirably then others. Also because of this, countries of communists or social states are slow in processing to approach to socialism.

4. What do you think of the idea that the growing gap between the rich and poor in the industrialized world never materialized (see p. 270) because of the Union movement (the formation of trades unions who unite to demand better working conditions for workers) and reform laws (to improve conditions for workers, eg. safety requirements, limits on the length of the working day, minimum wages)? Even though the Union and reform laws had helped to converge the gap between the rich and the poor, I think gap still always exist. The gaps are to be found not only in citizens of one nation but when you compare a country like North Korea that is a social states' country to a country like U.S you can see the growing gap between these nation's wealth. Wealthy countries continue to get wealthier while unfortunately poorer countries does not make progress in their nation's wealth or make one very steadily.

//The Industrial Revolution, and the urbanization that accompanied it, have been described as a mixed blessing. To what extent to you agree with this statement?//
 * 1/25/11 The Industrial Revolution Question**

I agree completely to the statement that The Industrial Revolution had been a mixed blessing. While the higher production of goods were made making more and more profits everyday, there were also sacrifices that had to be made for this big change. The Industrial Revolution encouraged many of the citizens to move into cities because lots of new occupation was offered for coal mining, textile, cotton and many other industries. Because so many laborers were needed//,// even children and women commenced working. The authentic reason for using these group of people was that women and children could work for lower wages than men. This left much more profits to those of who owned the factories. Also, there were many injuries caused by the machines and often people died young from diseases such as the white lung disease from the fluffs of cottons. The working hours were brutally long and workers were exposed to terrifying conditions. Fortunately, the Factory Act passed in 1819 restricted the working age and the hours that gave better conditions to workers and especially children. The population has increased due to improved living standards due to higher wages. Even middle class and sometimes the working class could afford coal to keep themselves warm during the winter, Scottish beef to be taken as meals, and better quality clothing//.// Many of the dilemmas of the Industrial Revolution was fixed as people negotiated each other. Although there was no solution for the pollution of the environment like the polluted air from coal dusts or poisoned rivers from textile dyes, lots of pros that I mentioned earlier overcame this predicament. Overall the nation's wealth increased and citizens enjoyed affluent lives.

good: 1. living standards improved by higher wages (affordable coal, Scottish beef as meals, and better clothing 2. population increased 3. more jobs 4. nation's wealth increased bad: 1. injuries from machines or diseases (white lung disease) 2. environment polluted (blackening the air, poisoning the rivers)u 3. caused children and women to work at harsh conditions for less pay and long working time (later earned better conditions such has higher wages, shorter working ours and more pay)

The reasons and consequences of putting juvenile children at work in my opinion is very vicious. I understand that during the Industrial Revolution lots of hands of the laborers were needed to produce tons of profits. I understand that in some houses they needed their children to go to work to keep up with the living of the families. However, it is wrong to think they will be happy with less pay and even have adults treat them like dirt. They ought to be given education to dream bigger and change their statuses if they have the ability to rather than relying on which family they were born at. Also, they should live up to their full lives, not have injuries or diseases such as the white lung diseases people obtained from cotton mills. A few years ago I wanted to work at this ice cream store as a part-timer, but I had found out that you had to be at least 16 to get a legal job. I was very disappointed at this law but now I know that U.S. federal legislation passed on 1916, meaning to abolish the children's hardcore labors which relieves me. Children are children and they can't be given obligations to work for their lives at such young ages.
 * 1/24/11 A Childhood at Work Response**


 * 12/11/11 (The French Revolution and Napoleon pg. 31, Congress of Vienna questions)**

Napoleon was a phenomenal leader that saved French during its revolution; yet he had failed to restrain greed and stepped over a line he should not have crossed. In the 1990s, French government had lost its people's support. In this chaotic environment, Napoleon Bonaparte ended internal and external conflicts of France and boldly took control over the government**.** However these golden years didn't last long. Napoleon earned fame and support by creating the Napoleonic Code that gave equal rights to all men. After 1804, when Napoleon became the emperor of France, he commenced attacking other European countries to make his empire larger and stronger. In 1806, He had attempted to stop all trades between Britain, the country that had equivalent power to France, and other countries. In 1812, he and his troops traveled to Moscow in an attempt to conquer Russia. He was defeated in both of these battles and was weakened. The major battle that permanently proved Napoleon was no longer the acceptable ruler was at the Battle of Waterloo. France suffered from infinite wars and battles with neighboring countries that ended tearing the country into shredded pieces. Like all of the other great rulers, Napoleon had rose significantly but managed to fall in misery, because of greed.
 * 4) Why did Napoleon's empire collapse?**

Towards the end of the French Revolution, The Congress of Vienna had goals to maintain peace and order in Europe. The following goals were proposed by Klemens Von Metternich**;** French would not attack another country again, there should be a balance of power through all European countries, and last kings are to take back their controls over the countries again. Even though ideas of French Revolution continued to develop, these three compromises kept Europe in peace.
 * 5) What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna?**

I chose this image because I thought in order for a Revolution to occur, no place or person can stay pure and guiltless; and so the image of the soiled gloves best represented my idea. [|Image URL]
 * 11/26/11 Why this Image? (Revolution postboard)**


 * 11/21/11 Timeline Citation**

[]
 * 11/18/11** **Frederick The Great Propaganda Poster**

Questions: (Decide whether each should be answered as a sentence or as a paragraph) Absolutism is an idea of kingship whereby the monarch rules a centralized state with absolute sovereignty, another word for dictatorship.
 * 11/11/11 Absolutism questions**
 * 1) What is absolutism?**

Absolutism described as the 'divine right of kings,' meant the power of the ruler had an absolute power due to the fact that they were God's lieutenants. The idea itself came for the Bible and practices of ancient civilization. With this infinite power, the ruler and his monarchy were capable of maintaining order among unruly masses, because nobody could challenge or oppose them. If the act had happened, it was just as if they had challenged God; so it was a forbidden act. Because of these reasons, absolutists could dictate over lands, citizens, collect tariffs, yet in some ways have the entire country organized and in control.
 * 2) Explain the justification for absolutism referred to as the 'divine right of kings'.**

- After the calamitous 14th century, people were in need of The Protestant Reformation contributed absolutism because the papal influence power of popes) had weakened and secular affairs needed guidance from a powerful ruler. - In the 15th century, mercantile policies that produced a major increase in wealth contributed to the rise of absolutism; monarchs regulated all aspects of economy and industry and built navies to protect their trade.
 * 3) List the causes of the rise of Absolutism in Europe.**

__Spain:__ As dynastic marriages increased and made the Habsburg's royal family be able to make territorial holdings, absolutism developed.
 * 4) Explain briefly how absolutism developed in**

__France:__ Louis XIV, the one and only ruler with absolute power started absolutism in 1661 to control internal conflicts or rebellious aristocracy. Because he was remorseless to the ones that were disobedient, absolutism worked in France.

__England__: To England, the idea of Absolutism was a different. Rather than for the sake of mostly the ruler with absolute power, the purpose was mainly to improve the lives of their countrymen as well as gaining power. They could gain power through the support and obedience of the citizens.

__Russia:__During the period when Russia was fighting wars for expansion, absolutism developed. This supressed the church's power while allowing Russia to open to the West, and improve the nation's industries.

[|9F-PatriciaKoo-SpeedDating]
 * 11/9/11 Speed Dating: Jean Jacques Rousseau**

Citation: Textbook pgs 197-199 http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/rous.htm http://www.iep.utm.edu/rousseau/ http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96jun/rousseau.html Music: Happy Ending by MIKA

People in the 21th century should have better self aware autonomy than in the 18th century. There is evidence that conscious is only a part of what creates our behavior, and so people should be better at self restriction and distinguishing their needs. No more “I don’t underestimate humans’ ability!” should be practiced. This self control can cause people to worry, ‘How am I viewed to others?” Even though this will show human’s limitations, it will not repudiate humans’ abilities to shape their own destiny. As the society infinitely changes, the citizens tend and react differently; new perspectives should always be created.
 * 11/4/11** **21st Century Enlightenment T3EL**


 * 10/27/11 Port 4**

a. APPARTS Edicts For 1635 Author: The author, Tokugawa Leyasu is a shogunate, a commander-in-chief iof Japan, who ruled the country with a supreme power. He is strongly against Japan’s contact with foreign countries and the teachings of Christianity from Westerners.
 * Task 1: Source Analysis**

Place and Time: The edict issued in 1635 was produced in Japan, possibly around where the port of Nagasaki was. If the author was in presence at the port of Nagasaki and had witnessed the interaction of vessels from neighboring countries, this source could have influenced the decreased rate of constancy of visiting foreign vessels.

Prior Knowledge: My prior knowledge was that when Japan had met it’s Golden Ages in the 16th century, their main intention was to dominate the world, and conquer China specifically. However after Japan’s ambition had failed, I can see that the country is refusing to contact with Chinese. Edict 10 proves it; “Samurai are not permitted to purchase any goods originating from foreign ships directly from Chinese merchants in Nagasaki.”

Audience: The source was directly written to the officials who were administering the port of Nagasaki. By the commanding wordings of the text the officials were most likely in a much subordinate position than the author. When requiring to know how Japan had shut itself out from the rest of the world, the source is very reliable. The edict notifies how restricted it is to interact with foreign countries, but also demands how to handle the situation when the laws were violated.

Reason: After being informed of the responsive Nagasaki’s port, Tokugawa immediately felt an instinct of setting an edict. This edict probably immediately affected on the prevention of international contacts.

The Main Idea: The solid and main points of the source is that the author wants to appeal his superior power by setting laws for the port’s administry officials. Most importantly the source coveys Japan’s unwillingness toward trades with European and Asian countries.

Significance: This significant source explains how prohibited Japan’s shogunate had made Japan. I can infer that after these amendments were set, lesser trades happened, leading to increase in the usage of Japan’s own goods by their citizens. However the cons is that Japan’s knowledge or technology was not ameliorated for 300 years.

1) Who was "the Bald Rat"? The Bald Rat, also Hidaeyoshi Baldrat was a peasant soldier of Japan. 2) Where did Japan hope to build its empire? Japan hoped to build its empire in China after dominating them. 3) What stopped it from building its empire as planned? Their first attempt of invading Korea had failed as Koreans responded the invasion with their secret weapon; The Turtle Ship. 4) Why didn't they try again? Hideoyoshi, the great leader of Japan had passed away leaving the country in a titanic confusion which later led to isolation of Japan from the rest of the world.
 * b. Video responses**

c. APPARTS Qianlong Author: Qianlong, the emperor of China created the letter. The author exceeds the rate of having pride in China. In fact he is very unwelcoming and arrogant to foreign countries. However the Qianlong is simply following how his fore kings have governed the country, without interaction or trading with Western countries. Therefore, Qianlong is confident in saying “no” to England.

Place and Time : The source was produced in China presumably because there is no reason Qing would be elsewhere outside of China. The year was 1793 which was roughly about 200 years after China had obstructed itself, therefore China’s response to England’s petition to trade must have been pessimistic.

Prior Knowledge : I knew that in the 1600s when China’s phenomenal emperor, Zhu Di passed away, the country had also collapsed. I also knew how magnificent England was at this period of time and how honor it should have been for the Chinese to get a petition to trade.

Audience : This letter was spoken directly to King George III, the king of England. This communication is made between the two greatest people from their own countries, which means the source has got to be accurate.

Reason : To give an immediate response to England’s king, Qing had written him very explicitly of how China saw this offering. He probably wanted to “cut the cord” so no other countries would pointlessly come to China for the same petition and return back to their countries with a same “no.”

The Main Idea: The source conveys that China does not need European’s sources to make a living and it satisfied with goods produced within the country. Also, even if China could trade with England soon other countries will come knock on the doors of China and that demolishes the tradition of “treating strangers from afar with indulgence,” because too many interactions will be made with them. The most important idea is that China is not interested in interfering with England.

Significance: The source clearly shows the reluctant attitude China has toward trading and international interactions. I can infer that when King George III received the letter, he was infuriated at every words Qianlong had to say. In fact this might have driven China to the point where they were forced to trade with England.


 * 10/18, 10/20 Project: Ports of Call ports 1, 2, and 3** is on Amy Han's page


 * 9/22/11 China's Age of Exploration II**

I see that out of all the countries around the world, Indonesia has the biggest number of Muslims (202.9 million). Since Zhu Di was a Muslim, he could have made some connections with other countries and possibly influence them to belong in China's tributary system.

The continents appearing in the map above look utterly different from where continents are located in the present days. I see that from 1407, Zhu Di and his fleet followed down the coast of Ming Empire, crossed the bay of Bengal and all to different parts of the world. This shows Zhu Di's attempt to get all the countries in the world to get involved in his tributary system and how he put his diligence into actions.

//I see// a naked man isolated with a group of naked people with an only man with clothing on. //I think// the old man with clothes is convincing the isolated man to join his group. //I wonder// what it is that makes the man that is isolated different from the people in the group and why all the people are naked except for the old man with white clothing/ //I see// two hands that are grown ups' pointing at one another. //I think// the two hands belong to men and they are trying to grasp for each other. //I wonder// the drawing or whatever the painting is on is torn in some parts. I also wonder what the artist is trying to convey and why he/she only chose to draw hands in the painting.
 * 9/20/11 See Think and Wonder... freely!!**
 * 1**
 * 2**

Image Responses
 * 9/5/11 China's Golden Age Answers**


 * 1: China's treasure ships were titanic enough to carry a massive number of men. Even one of the well known western ship can not dare to compare it's size with the ships of China.


 * 2: For those many countries of Europe to pay homage to the Emperor of China, Zhu Di, China must have been an influential country all over the world.


 * 3: The size of landmass of China has altered as time passed due to Zhu Di's command of invading Mongol to obtain more land. Also as the country developed it had divided and different dynasties ruled partial area of the country. I can see that in the year 1294, the land mass of China has increased more than other time periods.


 * 4: There are variety of routes of the Silk Road. Obviously all the these routes never go through the seas, but only go through land. The stopping points of the routes are labeled in all kinds of different places, which probably means that goods from all kinds of different countries were available to foreign countries keeping the tradings on the Silk Road active.


 * 5: The population of Europe had increased stupendously from years 1400 to 1600. Also the red markings that represent the population in the year 1600 are spread throughout different parts of the continent, showing the balance between the urban and the suburban areas of Europe. According to Menzie, if China's new walled capital is "fifteen hundred times the area of walled London at that time and housing fifty times the population," I can assume how incredibly humongous the labeled markings would look on the China's map.


 * 6:The Forbidden City looks very secured by the surrounding inner, outer, and imperial cities. Also, I noticed several different temples.


 * 7: After I was informed that the Forbidden City had turned into a Place Museum, I am beginning to make inquiries of how big the Forbidden City was. The city transmuting into a museum sounds like to me that it may not have been as big as I imagined. However the fact that Mongolians had attempted to invade this city multiple times tells me that significance of the city


 * 8: By looking at five different walls named after five different people, I now understand how the wall could extend from 5,000 km to 6,400 km and still not extend too far to the South or the West. The walls are isolated from one another instead of being displayed in a straight line.


 * 9: The prime meridian was chosen to start from the Greenwich, which fails Zhu Di's impulses of Beijing being the reference point of the entire world. However it is interesting how Zhu Di showed interests to Astronomy and thought about latitude coordinates in his time period.


 * 10:The grand canal made it possible for all the different states of China to communicate effectively.

Answers to Questions Q 1: In 1421, China launched a fleet of over 800 ships of various sizes and carried more than 30,000 men. The fleet included over 300 leviathan "treasure ships," which were 480 ft long and 180 ft wide. Compare with the Santa Maria (Columbus' vessel), which was 150 ft long and a mere 20 ft wide. A 1: The golden treasure ship of China is nearly 3 times bigger than Santa Maria. The Chinese vessel not only is more massive, but the depth and the width also larger scales. To support this heavy body of the ship, the vessel also consists of 8 enormous masts to put the vessel in motion, when Columbus' vessel only has three appearing-to-be-tiny masts. However, I also believe that the purposes of these two ships could vary, therefore I cannot conclude that the Chinese had built more effective vessels.

Q 2: Read the first paragraph of p. 45 Use this map, and the one in MWH p35, to identify where "the Holy Roman Emperor, the Emperor of Byzantium (also called Constantinople), the Doge (ruler) of Venice, and the kings of England, France, Castille and Portugal" would have come from had they been invited to Beijing on 2 February 1421. A 2**:** First, the kings of Holy Roman Emperor would have come from Kingdom of Burgandy, German Empire, Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which are located between the Kingdom of France and Kingdom of Hungary. sources from (http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/holy-roman-empire1.htm) The kings of the Emperor of Byzantium would come from the East of Roman Empire which is to the West of Sassanid Persian Empire. The Doge of Venice would depart from Italy, which is a country located in the South of Switzerland and Austria. The kinds of England would come from one of the cities of England such as London. England is located from the South of Scotland and the East of Northern Ireland. The king of France would come from France, probably from Paris, with the Bay of Biscay to the West of the country. The king of Castille would come from Spain, right to the South of Portugal which is on the border of the Atlantic Ocean. At last, the king of Portugal would come from big cities such as Braga or Viseu. This country is sanwiched between the Atlantic Ocean to the West and France to the East.

Q3: The "Silk Road", along which Chinese traders journeyed to sell their silks, spices, porcelain and other valuable commodities, was actually a web of many routes that extended from Xi'an into the heart of the Islamic world. Through what MODERN countries did the silk roads go? A3: The routes of the Silk Road penetrate through modern countries such as India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and China.

Q4: Compare this map of the great walled capital Zhu Di built, to this map of modern China. The Forbidden City is now the Palace Museum, and is located at the centre of the map below: A4: I notice that including The Forbidden City, all of the neighboring temples had transmuted into different museums of a variety of themes.

Q5: On p. 54, Menzies writes that Zhu Di extended the Great Wall (which is actually many separate sections of wall created over hundreds of years) from 5,000 kms to 6,400 kms. You'll notice, that doesn't mean that the wall was 6,400 kms long. If it WAS, where would it reach, if it began at the Yalu River? Use the map in MWH Atlas p A18-19 to estimate where you would end up if the wall really extended 6,400 kms due west of Beijing. A5: This depends on which direction we decide the wall is going to extend to, but in my estimation I think the wall would reach until Cheungdu.

The three maps represent that the Islamic world is the center of the world. As time passes by the nation is developing by many other countries joining the Islamic world.
 * 9/2 Analyzing from three maps**


 * 8/24 The Black Death, 1348 APPARTS**



**8/24 Family History Project**

Written Source: (primary)

When my mom was pregnant, my dad was a graduate student in Purdue University. To give an english name for his child, in another word me, my dad claimed to his professor for the name. This is the email the professor has sent my dad many many years ago. Since it was sent before I was born, the professor gave two names, one for each possible gender. He articulately described the meanings of the names and gave reasons why he thought the chosen names were significant. I came across this email not too long ago and it was worthy to remind myself of how gifted my name was.

Unwritten Source: (primary) A scrapbook of my birth This is a scrapbook that consists of all the items, pictures, and information that represents my birth.

1. Front Cover

2. Contents (things inside the scrapbook)













Oral Source: (secondary) In this audio, my dad who got to first see me as soon as I was born describes the setting of which I was born in. media type="file" key="Family History.m4a" width="300" height="50"

Translation: Patricia was born in the morning. It was a beautiful and a clear fall day. When she was born, she was around her parents, the doctor, and the nurses and dad was the first one that Patricia saw. She was a healthy, loving girl.

**8/18 **

Very good work, Patricia. Your answers are complete and insightful. 9.5/10

**8/17**

**Hi Patricia,**

**Can you be more specific about place and time?** **I highly doubt that you know nothing about popes in general, about the middle ages, about Europe, etc.** **To whom are letters usually addressed? An individual or a group?** **Be careful not to jump to conclusions not supported by the source.**

APPARTS Author The source was created by Pope Gregory VII Pope Gregory VII was a pope (a bishop in Rome) who had a conflict with Emperor Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire over who had the authority and rights to appoint people and dictate over properties and revenues related to ecclesiastical offices. Gregory's point of view and claims was that himself, and only himself will have the authority to conquer The Roman Church and that he was in the highest rank in the religious world after God.
 * Who created the source?**
 * What do you know about the author?**
 * What is the author’s point of view?**

Place & Time The source was produced in Rome from Gregory VII 's letters claiming for papacy in the 12th century. I can assume since the source is from Pope Gregory VII himself, the rights he insisted to earn from his letters may not talk of complete fairness, but since the setting of the source makes the letters primary sources, we can consider the source valuable.
 * Where and when was the source produced?**
 * How might this affect the meaning of the source?**

Prior Knowledge I regret to answer that I did not have not one bit of a prior knowledge of the middle ages nor the system of secular and ecclesiastical authority.
 * Beyond information about the author and the context of its creation, what do you __already__ know about the era/topic that would help you further understand the primary source?**

Audience The source was created for ecclesiastical officers by Pope Gregory VII to convince them to think of to whom authority and dignity should belong to. Since this source came from Gregory's perspective we cannot perceive what the opponents such as Emperor Henry IV thought about this situation.
 * For whom was the source created and how might this affect the reliability of the source?**

Reason The source was not purposefully made for the audience in the future, but the letters were necessarily claiming for authority in that time period so it was produced at the time it was first made.
 * Why was this source produced at the time it was first made?**

Main Idea The source is trying to convey that God is the only perfect man in the world and the man with most authorities after God should be a pope who has the closest relationship with God and the church.
 * What point is the source trying to convey?**

Significant The source is directly from Pope Gregory VII himself than other men and it came from the exact time of the event of the Middle Ages; the letters are primary sources. I can draw a conclusion that during The Middle Ages, people with religion believed that they were supremely superior than others who did not have a religion.
 * Why is this source important?**
 * What inferences can you draw from this document?**