Jane's+World


 * May 25 2012**
 * Afghanistan Timeline**


 * 1979-** Soviet Union invades Afghanistan and supports the communist government in order to take a step into Southwest Asia.
 * 1988-** Afghanistan and Soviet Union signs a treaty; Soviet Union eventually pulls out their troops and leaves.
 * 1998**- UN imposes an air embargo and finacial sanctions to force Afghanistan to hand over Osama bin Laden of trial
 * 2002-** Deployment of first contigent of foreign peacekeeprs the NATO-led ISAF, marking the start of protracted fight aginst the Taiban.
 * 2011**-3 President Karzai visits Russia for the first time officially since the Soviet invasion ended.

Partner? When the computer underlines something in red, it means there's an error which needs to be corrected. You have missed important events and included relatively insignificant ones. 7/10


 * May 22 2012**
 * Comparing the Vietnam and Korean Wars**



10/10


 * May 21 2012**
 * Unit 7 Test** (w/ Jin Hong)

[]


 * May 21 2012**
 * The Cold War**

-mistrust between each other; communist country vs. capitalist country -death of Roosevelt and rise of Truman -6/7 in Eastern Europe supported Soviet Union governments; Truman passed on Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan -different views of Germany; Stalin wanted Germany to stay weak while the U.S. wanted Germany to recover -Berlin Blockade by Stalin and Berlin Aircraft by U.S --> eventually led to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 * 5 Underlying Causes of the Cold War**

The house is the result of a nuclear bomb, where it is destroyed completely. The house looks completely fine in the first picture, however, starting from the the second picture shows the sudden bombing of the house. By looking at page 14, where the diagram about the effects of nuclear bomb is, I could tell the steps of how house was blown. It was hit by the searing blast of heat, then by the blast wave, and lastly by the strong wind. This is amazing but very frightening because it shows the massive effect of nuclear bomb.
 * pp. 13-19 in //The Cold War//**
 * A. Look at the photographs opposite.**
 * 1. Describe in your own words what happened to this house.**

If a whole town was hit by this kind of nuclear bomb, it would be just simply tragic. Everyone would lose everything, including their families, home, and even their lives. It frightens me just by looking at the photograph of the house crashing and I cannot imagine what I would feel if it really happens to me. For now, all I could say is that everything that anyone cares about would vanish and be gone forever.
 * 2. Use your imagination to describe what would happen if a whole town was hit by an explosion like this**.

This question is perhaps the most obvious question that I have to answer. It was because they were hugely scared after hearing about the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Before, people mostly welcomed the first atomic bomb. However, during the 1950s, the public began to fear the powerful weapon and tens of thousands died within weeks of the atomic explosions. People worried that there would be only a 'four-minute warning' before enemy missiles exploded overhead- giving them no time to escape. In response to such fears, many people joined anti-nuclear movements in Europe and the U.S.
 * B. Look at the photograph above.**
 * 1. Why do you think these people wanted to government to 'ban the bomb'?**

CND, Britain's Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, was formed in 1957 to protest against their governments to stop using the atomic bomb. This included men and women, young and old, because they were all afraid and hoped for the same thing. The nuclear bomb had an effect on everyone despite their ages or gender, therefore, they all wanted to 'ban the bomb'.
 * 2. The picture shows that men and women, young and old, want to 'ban the bomb'. Why do you think there was such a wide range of people in CND?**

There were many reasons for U.S. not banning the nuclear weapon, including 'new look', 'bomber gap', and 'missile gap.' President Eisenhower wanted powerful defenses against the Soviet Union and therefore published a nuclear deterrence. U.S. was also tricked my Soviets where they believed that Soviets had many bombers. In response, this made Eisenhower to order twice a many of a new American bomber to be built. Then, when Kennedy arose to power, he kept his promise where he said he would close the 'missile gap' between the Soviet Union. He built many more missiles and by 1963, the U.S. had 550 while Soviets had less than 100. In the end, the banning of nuclear weapons were almost impossible for each countries' defense and safety.
 * C. Look back to chapter 7 on pages 16-17. What arguments were there against banning nuclear weapons?**


 * pp 530-537: Making a chart**

Out of the four events, I believe that the most significant historical event is the fall of Berlin wall. The building of Berlin wall is also important, however, I believe that the fall of it had far more impact on the world. The building of Berlin wall was the start of the "hot" Cold War where the fall of Berlin wall was the breaking down of it. By ending the Cold War, the peace between USSR and U.S. is guaranteed and because the war between two nations was so terrifying, this probably gave people signs of relief. The fall of Berlin wall symbolizes the fall of the Cold War; giving comforts to people and economy.
 * The Most significant historical event**

10/10


 * May 16 2012**
 * The Post-War World**


 * Aftermath of the war in Europe and Japan**

Yes, I strongly believe that it was right for the Allies to try only Nazi and Japanese leaders for war crimes. Japan and Germany were responsible for most of the destruction and losses; the elimination of Jews and the holocaust. These were all caused by the rulings of greedy rulers, for instance, Hitler. He was a psychopath who never stopped his orders, leading the world into a disaster. I think he should be most blamed and punished for the war because of his selfish actions. He tried to eliminate all Jews from the European World and killed over millions of Jews, while Japan had the holocaust where many innocent lives were lost or suffered. The Japan also never surrendered to the bomb attack because of their leader. Japan and Germany's leader should be punished the most because they were the actual ones to start the war and cause the numerous number of sacrifices due to their careless thinking.
 * "Do you think it was right for the Allies to try only Nazi and Japanese leaders for war crimes? Explain your thinking."**

10/10


 * May 14 2012**
 * The Holocaust**

This video definitely shows the horror of the Nazi Holocaust and to me, it was more than just horrifying. Just by listening, I felt their pain and could imagine how much they were hurt. They were only 6 years old when they arrived Auschwitz and they were took to the twins' block. In the place, they had to be always prepared for harsh experiments; they went through all kinds of painful experiments in such young ages. Moreover, if they were too weak, they were killed. Therefore, in order to survive, they always had to look healthy despite what their real conditions were. How must have their mother felt? Unable to do anything for her children except pinching their cheeks to make them look healthy? Additionally, the twins were forbidden to have children and to every women, that is perhaps the most devastating thing to do. At the end of the video, where the twins talk about how their happiest moment was when they had their babies, it really touched my heart in both sympathetic and comforting way.
 * Twins**

Even during the Nazi Holocaust, there were responsibilities for the older ones to take care of the younger ones. The Nazis arrested all children and Uri Chanoch, the interviewee, describes his experience during the Holocaust very well. Because he didn't tell the Nazis of his brother's location, he was stripped naked and beaten until he passed out. When he reached Stutthof, he was even separated with his mother without a single goodbye. He didn't know that it would be their last time to see each other and all he had left was a little photo of her. After three months, when he met his brother, it was too late where both lost their ability to love, to cry, and to laugh. This really annoyed me at how the holocaust made people suffer not only their physical state but also their mental state.
 * Brothers**

The conditions in Mauthausen were terrifying, where hundreds of people were put into a giant tent. They were all living or perhaps, just breathing. The escorts enjoyed themselves pushing one of the prisoners into the abyss and torturing them. Everyday, they went to quarry and they worked by carrying rocks on their back. During the process, many fell into the river and the lain alongside was filled with dead bodies which really disgusted me. It was heartbreaking when I heard that people knew that they could die in anytime and that there is no way out. They only had little hope and little amount of food, crust of bread and water. It's very shocking to me that Mordecai Eldar survived from all these bad conditions with just little chance to get out. He even asks himself, 'why did I survive?'
 * Mordecai Eldar**

When the three sisters arrived in Auschwitz, they were the first Jews there. Everyday, they all worked on roads, trenches, and sorting clothes; hard jobs for women to carry out. There were five crematoria in Auschwitz and when there was no enough room, children were thrown into pits and were burned. This is simply wrong. How can the Nazis do such thing? Moreover, everyone was sick and they were dragged to work by each other. Even if they cried, no one gave them a hand. Throughout the whole three years in Auschwitz, Zanne Farbstein says that she waited for death and the worst part about everything was fear. This struck me hard; I couldn't imagine how much they suffered. For Zanne Farbstein, it is still hard to believe that she is living again like a normal human being. I feel so sorry for this woman who've suffered so much for three years of the holocaust.
 * Zanne Farbstein**

Yaakov Hollander was only ten and a half years old when the war broke out. As he was moved to Plaszow, a terrible camp where Goeth, the camp commander was, he saw Goeth like a hunter shooting people. Also, he worked in Starachowice camp where he was next to a 2,00 degree oven making ammunition shells. Can you imagine working near that? The result was many death marches to Auschwitz, Mauthausen, and Gunskirchen. By then, he only weighed 33 kilos...which is way less than mine. I was pretty shocked with the picture shown in video, where he looked like a skeleton. His two brothers and parents were all murdered and I believe that that would've been too much for a young kid to swallow. I really felt something deep in my heart when he said, 'I remember the past, and I live for the present and future'.
 * Yaakov Hollander**

I'm very touched and deeply moved by this video because of her warm heart. She has gone through a lot, being in concentration camp for three years and burying dead people. Liberation meant nothing to her and she suffered through her whole life, weighing about only 81 pounds in the camp. She was ill with typhus and was hopeless; she knew she wouldn't find anyone. When she says that the worst part of the whole war was that no one of her family had survived, it really hurt me. I can't imagine living without anyone of my family and she lost all. However, after she got out of the camp, her only dream was to become a midwife. This is just amazing that she is trying to help others after all she has gone through. She thinks that bringing life into the world is the ultimate gift and she was a midwife for over 30 years. She calls being a midwife is the greatest joy in her life and I'm truly happy for her.
 * Sophie Engelsman**

Throughout the video, I sensed her sorrow about the events of holocaust that she has went through before. Eva Brown got a tattoo with numbers on her arm where it was supposed to show her "identity". It is still there on her left arm even after the war and it shows that she basically lost her identity for her life. This really hit me and made me ask about how such torture could be done to a human being. I'm also surprised at how she published a book named "If You Save One Life." Her father said, "If you save one life, you save the whole world," and I agree with him. I believe that this book is very meaningful to her and would love to read if I have a chance.
 * Eva Brown**

10/10


 * May 10 2012**
 * The Allied Victory in the Pacific**


 * Guided Reading A8-A10**
 * 8. Battle of Leyte Gulf-** On October 23, 1944, the Allies were moving in on Japan and landed on the island of Leyte in the Philippines. The Japanese navy lost disastrously and they used kamikazes, their suicide pilots. However, after a month of bitter fighting, Japan faced heavy losses.


 * 9. Battle of Okinawa-** On April 1, 1945, U.S troops moved to Okinawa where it was about 350 miles from Southern Japan. This bloody battle ended on June 21, the Japanese lost over 100,000 troops, and the Americans lost 12,000.


 * 10. Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki**- On August 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bond on Hiroshima and about 80,000 people died in the attack. After three days, on August 9, second bomb dropped on Nagasaki and more than 70,000 people were killed. The Japanese finally surrendered on September 2 and the war ended.

Out of all nations listed in the chart, USSR suffered the greatest human costs. They lost over 13,600,000 soldiers and about 7,720,000 civilians. Compared with the spending of Germany and Japan, U.S. spent a lot of money. They spent more than 280 billion on the war, which is still greater than the sum of the two nations. This shows how U.S. really did contribute to the war, using atomic bombs for example.
 * Costs of World War I: Allies and Axis**
 * 1. Which of the nations listed in the chart suffered the greatest human costs?**
 * 2. How does U.S. spending on the war compare with the spending of Germany and Japan?**

As the graph shows, the casualties of most nations are much greater during WWII than in WWI. During WWII, many new weapons were used; such as atomic bombs and advanced air crafts. The bombings, without much doubt, caused a lot of causalities among nations.The advanced air forces made attacking easier and there were even suicide pilots. All of these advanced technologies and contribution led to the increased number of deaths in WWII over WWI.
 * Military Casualties, World War I and World War II**
 * 1. What factors may have contributed to the increased number of deaths in World War II over World War I?**

The conditions were devastating; people were separated from their home and family. First, they didn't have any time to pack their stuffs or to prepare from being separated forever with their family. They didn't have proper shelter or food, basically had no resources that they needed to carry on their life. They didn't have anything but little hope for better news. The city was filled with refugees where the help of each other was desperately needed.
 * Civilian Cost -DBQs**
 * 1. Under what conditions did the Polish refugees flee from the Germans?**

By looking at the photograph, I could see that the U.S. government treated Japanese Americans like prisoners. The U.S. soldiers are standing in straight line with their weapons, terrifying the Japanese Americans. It seems to be a sign of warning to all Japanese Americans that they should never try to escape. Because the Japanese Americans were viewed as a potential threat to U.S., they seem to be very careful and alarmed.
 * 2. Judging from the photograph, what was the government's attitude toward Japanese Americans?**

10/10


 * May 9 2012**
 * The Allied Victory In Europe**


 * Guided Reading A1-A7**
 * 1. Battle of El Alamein**- The battle between Montgomery (Germany) and Romemel (Britain) on the night of October 23. By November 4, Rommel's army had been beaten and this caused their forces to move to west.


 * 2. Operation Torch-** As Romemel retreated west, on November 8, an Allied force landed in Morocco and Algeria (led by American general Dwight D. Elsenhower). Rommel's Afrika Korps was finally crushed in May 1943.


 * 3. Battle of Stalingrad-** On August 23, 1942, German forces were trying to capture Stalingrad, a major industrial center on the Volga River. On February 2, 1943, German forces were defeated and this led Germans to be on defensive where the Soviets were pushing them toward the west.


 * 4. Invasion of Italy**- On July 10, 1943, Allied forces declared war on Italy and eventually Italy surrendered. Mussolini was shot and this eventually weakened the power of Germany because they lost their powerful Ally, Italy.


 * 5. Propaganda campaigns on home fronts-** To earn the effort of the home fronts, Allied governments conducted highly effective propaganda campaigns. This worked for all Soviet Union, Russia, and United States; they all saved their own money to support the military forces.


 * 6. D-Day invasion-** On June 5, 1944, British, American, French, and Canadian troops fought in Normandy against Germans, the invasion known as D-Day. By September, they had liberated France, Belgium, and Luxembourg. This was the largest land and sea attack in history where it gave Allies confidence.


 * 7. Battle of the Bulge**- On December 16, Germany tried to break through American defenses along a 75-mile front in the Ardennes. The Allies eventually pushed the Germans back, making Germany to retreat again.

Both videos were indeed about the same topic, however, were conveyed very differently. The Hollywood video showed the horrific side of the war where soldiers were shot and killed, while on the other side, the documentary showed the war as more of a relaxing way. The Hollywood video focused on the situation of arm forces during the war and was very intense. Because the film was extremely graphic, it really grabbed my attention about the situation and made me think deeper about the war. On the other side, the documentary contained no graphic but way more information, explaining how the situations were like during the war. The documentary, compared to the Hollywood video, was more calm and made the war look okay. It didn't show much of the horrifying sides of the war where the Hollywood video actually did. To be honest, I think that these two videos can't be comparable because they really do focus on different parts. However, by thinking of which video is more "true", I believe that the Hollywood dramatization captured the scene more realistic. Even though the documentary included some primary sources, I think the Hollywood version actually caught the scene better. Certainly, this Hollywood dramatization is one of the most realistic depiction of the D-Day landings.
 * How is the same history conveyed so differently in these two videos? Which do you think is more "true": the Hollywood dramatization or the documentary?**

10/10


 * May 7 2012**
 * War on the Home Front**

The Japanese were kept in Manzanar, a Japanese-American internment camp, without a reason. They were suspected as spies even if they've done nothing wrong because of where they were from. They were forced to leave their home and go to internment camp without a single question. They were locked in the camp like prisoners and if anyone tried to escape, they were killed. Also, the conditions of the camp were devastating. The food given out was horrible where the place they slept was uncomfortable. In the end, it showed that not a single Japanese-American or Japanese-Canadian was guilty after the war of spying, however, that didn't matter. In fact, German-Canadians, who were the ones who actually started the war, weren't interned at all. Because of Japan's careless conclusion, many innocent people suffered. Therefore, I believe that the Japanese interment was definitely unfair and disrespectful.
 * Opinion on the fairness or unfairness of Japanese internment:**

**1. Wartime propaganda cartoon by Walt Disney. As you watch, record your answers to the following...**
Throughout the cartoon, I mostly recognized the Nazi Party and Hitler. The Mein Kampf and symbol, weapons, and uniforms of Nazism were very clear to me and not only Hitler, but I also recognized his Allies, Japan and Italy. Furthermore, I realized how the soldiers all marched in a straight line too. I think that this cartoon clearly shows how awful it was to be under Hitler's rule. There was no single freedom for Germans but huge amounts of work to do. In the case of Donald Duck, he was forced to work in the early morning and was introduced the Mein Kamf even if he didn't want to. Clearly, you can tell by his face that he's not happy nor satisfied. On the other side, it also shows the great power of Nazism. The soldiers marching in straight line and the scene of the Nazi Land seems to be very powerful and mighty. That shows the reason why all Germans couldn't say a word against Hitler. However, at the end of the cartoon, Donald Duck wakes up as a citizen of U.S. This shows a sense of nationalism where Donald Duck looks very happy and satisfied to be U.S citizen, different from being a soldier under Hitler. The companies like Disney and Warner Brothers are mostly aimed toward children. Therefore, I believe that this cartoon was for children to understand easily about Nazism and Hitler's rule. In other words, this cartoon is a type of persuasive message to kids by showing the awfulness of Nazism. It also can be called as a propaganda where it would raise U.S. kids' a sense of nationalism and make them believe that Nazism is bad. I think that this would have been very effective to children in U.S. by informing them about Nazism in very easy and understandable way.
 * ======**What wartime images do you recognize from your study of the war?**======
 * ======**What are some of the messages of this cartoon?**======
 * ======**Why do you think companies like Disney and Warner Brothers produced these cartoons during the war?**======

**2. Political Cartoon for the home front**
In the cartoon, I first noticed Uncle Sam putting scrap papers into the machine for U.S.A. Salvage Program. As the paper goes through the machine, it eventually becomes military weapons. This shows how U.S. military weapons were well-produced as well how massive amount of work was needed in the factory. Also, in this cartoon, men and women are both working. By looking closely into their face expressions, I could tell that they are satisfied and happy about their job. I think that this cartoon is a type of propaganda where it shows U.S nationalism. Men and women are all working together to support arm forces and provide military weapons. Also, this shows an idea about how U.S. is a total war and have decided to help the Allies. Overall, they have no fear because of their countrie' support and advances.
 * ======**What is in the cartoon? Explain the symbolism you see.**======
 * ======**What is the intended message of the cartoon?**======

=
1. unaware of what was happening 2. some refused to go (away from their parents, friends, & home) 2. over 3,500,000 children, women, & old peop. were evacuated to 'safe places' from the German bombing raids 1. On January 1940, food rationing began 2. Every family had to register with a shop to buy the food--> had his/her own ration book --> adults, children, babies all had different books 3. Not only the food was rationed but even controlled the clothes 1. By 1943, 77,000 women were worked in Land Army --> shortage of workers in factories --> women sent to factory work (x Armed Forces) 2. Women's Voluntary Service (WVS) = largest women's wartime service --> by 1944 over 1 million --> helped evacuees, drove ambulances, ran canteens and rest centres, ran nurseries, and etc. 3. allowed to join the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) --> driving trucks, digging roads, filling sandbags, operating & plotting radars, 1. many propaganda posters (in the streets); targeted men, women, and even children 2. rise of nationalism and pride 3. To gain victory, we need "you" (join the war, factories)
 * 3. Life on the Home front in Britain exploration... Go to this site and click on each topic area to learn about life in Britain during the war. For each of the following topics, write down 3 significant pieces of information. You may do this on your gallery page, or as a hard copy.**======
 * ======**Children at war**======
 * ======**Rationing**======
 * ======**Women at war**======
 * ======**Messages of war**======

10/10


 * May 3 2012**
 * Japan Seeks to Build an Empire**

Hard-copy.
 * Guided Reading: Part A and B**


 * Political Cartoon:**
 * 'Let Sam Do It'**- This cartoon shows how League of Nations is powerless, doing nothing to stop Japan from their expansion. In this political cartoon, it is viewed as if Japanese are basically impossible to stop. The League of Nations is doing nothing but asking Uncle Sam, U.S., for help. They are represented like kids who can't do anything but to tattletale. This is a big problem in which eventually leads to Japan seeking for more and more expansion. Overall, this shows how the League of nations is helpless while Japan is becoming invincible.

In this cartoon, the people of the West are viewed very lazy and greedy. Drawn in Japanese perspective, they believe that Western people are getting benefits from them, having all power and money. I believe that they want to get rid of the Western Imperialism, therefore, increasing their attempt to expand their territories more. Moreover, in this political cartoon, the Anglo-Saxons look happy while the 'non-Anglo-Saxons' are not. The Anglo-Saxons are represented with higher value (being carried) and therefore showing "Anglo-Saxon Imperialism".
 * 'Let others sweat and toil'-**

This political cartoon shows Japanese hand grasping on the burning paper about Nine Power Treaty of the League of Nations. This tells how Japan is becoming so powerful, able to suppress the treaty and Kellogg Pact. As drawn in the political cartoon, the League of Nations is burning and at the same time, seized tightly by Japan. I believe that by destroying the League of Nations and disregarding their words, Japan seeks for more expansion and power.
 * 3rd Political cartoon:**

This political cartoon is where Australia and U.S. are fighting against Japan in order to take over New Guinea. The Japanese soldier looks very aggressive, holding a gun and wearing nice uniform. On the other side, Australia, represented as a kangaroo, is holding a sword in no defense wears. Because Japan had such better weapons, this shows how different they were in technological advances. Also, U.S is represented as a small and pusillanimous solider. Japan, fighting against two nations, doesn't look so timid but instead looks ferocious.
 * 4th Political cartoon:**


 * Questions:**

**1) Why did Japan attack the United States of America? Provide evidence from the source below in your answer.**
Japan attacked the United States because from the beginning, U.S treated Japan as their enemy and never supported them. During the 1930s, when Japan was invading China, U.S. actually helped China. Many of U.S. pilots volunteered to help China instead of helping Japan, eventually ticking Japan off. Also, the U.S. did not ship any war materials to Japan because they wanted to limit Japan's technological advances. The important materials' weren't allowed to be exported to Japan even including steel and iron. Moreover, Japan had a fear where the U.S. might attack them first. Therefore, being angry and afraid at the same time, Japan attacked the United States of America.

**2) Read this article about Pearl Harbor. Briefly summarize the key events of the attack (before, during and after).**
-In early 1941, Japanese govern. began a two-pronged strategy --> Japanese diplomats in Washington D.C. entered into negotiations & Japanese Navy developed plans for an attack on U.S. -On December 7, Japanese force was positioned 275 miles north of Hawaii--> 91 bombers and 43 escorting fighters--> U.S. radar screens couldn't detect the size of force --> no problem for Japan -4 of the docked battleships were hit in first five minutes --> only 37 U.S aircraft were able to engage attackers/ 10 shot down -first attack went on for 25 minutes and followed by a second wave at 8:45 A.M. --> second wave less successful (more casualties) -in all, only 29 planes and 55 aircrew lost for Japan -worst naval disaster in U.S history with more than 2,000 casualties --> outraged Americans -On December 8, 1941, U.S Congress declared war on Japan -On December 11, 1941, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on U.S.
 * Before:**
 * During:**
 * After:**

Completed.
 * 3) Watch this video clip from the movie Pearl Harbor to get sense of what it might have felt like to have been there on the morning of January 7, 1941, "a date that will live in infamy".**

I did not receive your Guided Reading 9/10


 * May 1 2012**
 * The Battle of Britain**

-By summer of 1940, German force took many parts of Europe--> next was Britain --> Operation Sea Lion (Invasion of Britain) -On 18 June, 1940, Winston Churchill --> the battle of Britain is about to begin -Not on good conditions; British had no weapons & German Air Force had 15,000 bomber and approx. 1,000 fighters (British Royal Air Force=750 fighter planes) -However, determination & air crew from all other countries --> will not surrender -Also, had secret weapon --> radar --> warned incoming aircraft (height, speed, location)--> vital to commanders in the battle -factories --> provided more air crafts -Germany attacked stations (radar) --> then attacked air field in south-east of England - In late August, 1940, RAF bombers bombed Berlin; Hitler furious --> attacked London & other British cities -7 September, 1940, in London, bombing began --> homes destroyed, civilians died -15 September, 1940, climax of Battle of Britain --> over 200 bombers and 800 fighters flew over Britain --> by the end of the day, 60 Germany aircraft shut down while only 13 British down --> shock to German forces--> invasion eventually postponed
 * Notes about the key events:**

Operation Sea Lion was German invasion of Great Britain in which later got disbanded.
 * Podcast Questions:**
 * 1) What was Operation Sea Lion?**

Compared to Germany, British weapons were weak and the size of air forces and fighters were much smaller.
 * 2) Why did the battle not look good for Britain?**

British were very determined to not give up and all other countries from the world volunteered for British air crew. Also, they had a secret weapon, the radar, which warned them about the incoming air crafts of Germany.
 * 3) What advantage did Britain have?**

Hitler underestimated Great Britain by attacking London and killing many civilians. This led to fall of their invasion in which British air forces won against their air forces.
 * 4) What was Germany's mistake?**

When Germany bombed London, homes were destroyed and many innocent civilians died. By this event, Britain was outraged and therefore decided to fight back with their full strength. Germany lost more than 60 aircraft while British only lost about 13.
 * 5) What was the impact of the bombing of London? How did the bombing of London aid Britain's cause?**

The outcome of the Battle of Britain was very significant for the Allies because it proved that they could actually stand against Germany. This taught them a lesson that instead of just watching Germany invading every other countries, they should move to an action.
 * 6) Why was the outcome of the battle of Britain significant for the Allies?**

Even though their military was weaker, Britain were able to hold off the German invasion because of their technological advances and unity. Compared to Germany's forces, British were weak and powerless. However, they had some technological advances in which led them to actually win against Germany. Their most important weapon was the utilized radar; it detected incoming aircraft, it's speed, distance, or height in the sky. This gave British time to prepare for the war and this was vital to commanders and fighters in the battle. Also, Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of Britain, played an important role in helping British stay strong against Germany. He supported all people by making speech in which led everyone to be strong and stand against Germany. People from all over the world volunteered for British forces and united. Women also played a role in the battle by helping out with the utilized radar. The technological advances and unity among all people eventually led British to stay strong against Germany and eventually win the battle.
 * Short paragraph:**

10/10


 * April 30 2012**
 * Section 1 Assessment #2 & 8**

<--(U.S. Cargo ships) Above the three listed events, I believe that Allies stranded at Dunkirk was a turning point for them. This event definitely showed the Allies how Germany has changed into a powerful country that they should be alarmed. All nations were fine with Germany and were just sitting their when Germany invaded other countries, which is the reason why Hitler never stopped. However, this significant event shows what British actually did to help their Allies. This a turning point for the Allies which they actually makes military action against Germany and becomes all together to fight against her.
 * 2) Using Your Notes**

Napoleon's invasion of Russia and Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union were similar in many ways in which resulted in loss of many innocent lives. Napoleon and Hitler were both rulers who never listened to any of their followers. Their selfishness and desire to take over countries eventually led to their failure. Whatever was on their way, it was destroyed. Also, both events happened during the bad condition of weather, during the cold winter. Many soldiers suffered of starvation and coldness while gaining nothing. Both sending stunning orders, they never stopped fighting when they lost so much. In the end, both advance on Russia and Soviet Union gained nothing but cost more than 500,000 Germans to die.
 * 8) Comparing**


 * April 26 2012**
 * Hitler's Germany: Chapter 10 & 11**
 * World War II: 488-492**

-3 main aims: to tear up Treaty of Versailles, unite all Germans in a single country, provide Germany with lebensraum -Treaty of Versailles --> unfair --> "will have arms again" -millions of Germans in Austria, Czechoslovakia & Poland --> be brought under Hitler's control -lebensraum = 'living space' --> take over the east (particularly Russia & Poland) and give Germany 'space'
 * __Hitler's Germany: Chapter 10 & 11__**
 * A. Hitler's foreign policy aims**

-In 1934, top secret orders for the armed forces to expand --> army 100,000 to 300,000 men & navy build 2 'pocket battleships' and 6 submarines & trained pilots in civilian flying clubs ---> all things forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles -in 1935, announced publicly that there will be military service --> army would be built up to 550,000 men -other countries alarmed --> formed alliances --> Britain, France, and Italy signed an agreement condemning Hitler -however, no actual military action to stop
 * B. Hitler's rearmament of Germany**

-In 1936, Hitler marched into Rhineland --> a deliberate challenge to Treaty of Versailles & wide gamble (Britain & France had agreed to protect Rhineland from German) -only had 30,00 fully equipped troops -British refused to fight --> France didn't want to fight Germany single-handed --> German army stayed in Rhineland and built 'West Wall'
 * C. The remilitarisation of the Rhineland, 1936**

-agreement in 1936 with Benito Mussolini, a dictator of Italy -said that they would work closely together in foreign affairs -gave Hitler a powerful ally in Europe
 * D. Hitler's alliances**
 * 1. The Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936**

-agreement with Japan -gave Hitler an ally on the other side of the world
 * 2. The Anti-Comintern Pact, 1936**

-In the Spanish Civil War, Hitler sent his best air force unit, the Condor Legion, to help General Franco -If Franco won the war, Spain = ally -war gave chance for Condor Legion to try out methods of bombing
 * 3. Help for Franco in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-9**

-By 1938, Hitler planned a union, or anschluss, with Austria--> aim to united all German-speaking people in one country -Hitler ordered Austrian Nazi Party to cause troubles --> Austrian government banned them --> Hitler held a meeting with Austrian leader, Kurt Schuschnigg -threatened to invade Austria unless Schuscnigg gave all important jobs in his government to Nazis --> agreed -Schuschnigg wanted to hold a plebiscite, or vote, among Austrian people whether they want to stay independent or join with Germany --> Hitler afraid of people choosing independence --> moved his army to the border and scared Schuschnigg--> called off the vote -Schuschingg asked Italy, Brittani, and France for help --> all refused--> resigned -An Austrian Nazi, Seyss-Inquart, took his place as a leader & brought German army into Austria to 'restore order'
 * E. The Anschluss with Austria, 1938**

-Over three million people in Sudetenland were German & supported a Nazi-style party called the Sudeten German Party -Konrad Henlein, their leader, was in Hitler's pay --> ready to follow Hitler's orders -Hitler instructed Henlein to cause troubles in Sudetenland --> arranged riots and demonstrations -meanwhile, Hitler was getting ready to invade Czechoslovakia --> would make an excuse that it was only to stop riots & demonstrations -Czchs found out about German army --> quickly got ready --> big army, strong defenses, powerful ally (France) --> called off invasion -second chance to invade Czechoslovakia within months by Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of Britain -Chamberlain thought that Sudetenland should belong to Germany --> persuaded France to agree with him -He wanted to avoid war in which might happen if Hitler becomes angry --> policy called appeasement -Hitler now doesn't have to worry about French --> stirred up even more trouble in the Sudetenland
 * F. The take-over of Czechoslovakia, 1938-9**
 * 1. The Sudetenland Crisis, 1938**

-Britain wanted no war --> asked to meet Hitler and find a peaceful solution to the problem -On September 1938, Chamberlain flew three times to see Hitler --> the third and last meeting was in Munich --> France & Italy were also there --> The Munich Conference -concluded that Germany should have the Sudetenland --> Czech leader had to accept because they had no ally to protect them
 * 2. The Munich Conference, 1938**

-On March 1939, the German army marched into the rest of Czechoslovakia --> made the western half if it into part of Germany -Hungary & Poland took the rest --> Czechoslovakia had ceased to exist
 * 3. The invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1939**

-Germany divided into two by the 'Polish Corridor' --> Polish Corridor had to be in his hands (Poland) -On August 1939, he made an agreement with Russians --> Germany & Russia would not fight each other & would attack Poland together -This Nazi-Soviet Pact = Hitler could invade the Polish Corridor without worrying about Russia -On 1 September 1939, German tanks rolled across the Polish frontier --> Britain & France declared war on Germany two days later --> WW2 about to begin
 * G. The Nazi-Soviet Pact, 1939**

__**World War II: 488-492**__ -In 1939, Hitler demanded the Polish Corridor to be returned to Germany -Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin signed a ten-year nonaggression pact with Hitler--> promise to not attack each other -Stalin was excluded from Munich Conference & Hitler promised him territory --> they agreed to devide Poland between them & agreed that the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia -On September 1, 1939, German attacked Poland -On September 3, 1939, France & Great Britain declared war on Germany -However, Poland already fell before nations took action --> Hitler annexed the western half of Poland -In the invasion, they tested their newest military strategy- the blitzkrieg, or "lightning war" --> using fast-moving airplanes & tanks -On September 17, Stalin occupied the eastern half of Poland & moved to annex countries to the north of Poland -Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia --> all fell/ but Finland resisted--> In November, Stalin sent one million Soviet troops to Finland -By March 1940, Finland fell and surrendered -After declaring war on Germany, French & British mobilized their armies --> stationed their troops along the Maginot Line, a system of fortifications along France's border with Germany --> waited but nothing happened --> sitzkrieg, or "sitting war" -On April 9, 1940, Hitler launched a surprise invasion of Denmark & Norway --> in 4 hrs, Denmark fell & 2 months later, Norway surrendered -Germans then began to build bases along Norwegian & Danish coasts to attack Great Britain

10/10


 * April 24 2012**
 * First two chapters of //Hitler's Germany//**

1819~1909: -Adolf Hitler born in 1889 in Braunau, a small town in Austria -failed school examinations and left school at 16 --> at 19, he went to Vienna, a capital of Austria, to be an art student
 * A. Adolf Hitler**
 * 1. His life up to 1933:**

1909~1913: -rejected--> had to do anything to continue his life --> 5 years of odd jobs --> became interested in politics -supported nationalists parties & hate toward socialist parties & hate toward people of foreign races, esp. Jews.

1913~1918: -volunteered to join the German army as soon as WWI began in 1914 --> was on active service (messenger) -won 6 medals for bravery --> war was 'the greatest of all experiences'. -felt angry when Germany surrendered in 1918 --> blamed it on Jews and on socialist politicians.

1918~23: -worked as a 'V man', spying on political parties. -joined the German Workers Party in 1919 --> renamed it to "Nazi Party." -made swastika, the crooked cross, the symbol of party & organized 'Storm Troopers' to beat up peop. who disagreed with him --> Communists and Socialists -made a speech --> German needs a strong leader & should get rid of Jews and Communists

1923~33: -In 1923, tried to overthrow the govern. by a //putsch//, an attempt to get power by force, in Munich. --> failed & put in prison -wrote a book called //Mein Kampf// (My Struggle) --> after a year, went back to running Nazi Party -4 years, little success--> in 1929, economic depression hit Germany --> people liked Hitler's ideas about strong leader ship & blamed Jews -2 landslide victories in elections in 1932--> In January 1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany

-The Feuhrer principle: Germany must be ruled by ONE single strong leader who has great power- a 'Fuehrer' -Lebensraum (living space): Germans will get extra land by taking over countries east of Germany (using force if necessary) -Race: human beings are divided into races --> best races are 'pure' ones --> Germans, who belong to the 'Aryan' race, must keep themselves pure in order to become the 'master race'. -Anti-Antisemitism: Jews=Semites--> biggest threat & helped Germany's defeat in WWI--> Jews must be destroyed -Communism: the political system of Russia (Communism) is dangerous --> must be destroyed -The Treaty of Versailles: The peace treaty in 1919 is unfair --> must be cancelled and land must be returned --> France must be destroyed
 * 2. His ideas**

-new ideals, a new understanding, new tasks -Hitler could hypnotize audiences when he made speeches. -instead of hopeless unemployment, Germany could move towards economic recovery
 * 3. His appeal**

-A week before voting day, Communist was caught on the scene with matches and fire-lighters --> Hitler said this was the start of Communist plot to take over the country & went to President Hindenburg and asked him to make "Law for the Protection of the People and State." --> Hindenburg believed Hitler --> made the law -the new law banned Communists and Socialists from taking part in the election campaign.
 * B. How Hitler established his dictatorship**
 * 1. The election campaign of March 1933**

-Hitler and the Nazis won just under the half the vote --> enough to persuade the new Reichstag to agree to an Enabling Law on 23 March 1933
 * 2. Results of the election**

- let Hitler to make laws without permission from Reichstag -used the power of the Enabling Law to get rid of anything/anyone that limited his authority
 * 3. The Enabling Law, March 1933**

-On 7 April 1833, Nazi officials in charge of the local governments which ran Germany's provinces.
 * 4. The take-over of local governments**

-On 2 May, he closed down trade unions, took away their funds, & put their leaders in prison. -On 14 July, he made a Law against the Formation of New Parties --> said that Nazi Party was the only party allowed to exist in Germany--> another party would be punished with 3 years hard labor--> Germany became one party state
 * 5. The banning of trade unions**

-Two million party members were Storm Troopers --> their leader, Ernst Roehm, wanted to be part of German army--> alarmed Hitler -In the morning of 30 June 1934, Roehm and the other SA leaders were arrested on Hitler's orders, taken to prison, and shot. -Over the few days, 400 peop. executed--> all done by Hitler's own black shirted guards, SS (Schutzstaffel, or Protection Squads)
 * 6. The 'Night of the Long Knives', 1934**

-1 month after the SA leaders had been butchered by the SS, President Hindenburg died -Hitler immediately took over the Presidency & titled himself "Fuehrer and Reich Chancellor"
 * 7. Hitler becomes Fuehrer, 1934**

-In 2 August 1934, the officers & men of army swore an oath --> said that they will render unconditional obedience to Hitler, the supreme commander of the armed forces -sworn their lives away to Hitler
 * 8. The army's oath of loyalty**

10/10


 * April 19 2012**

**Fascism : Oral Quiz #4**
[]

**Global Impact on the Great Depression: Oral Quiz #3**
[]

**April 13 2012**

 * The Great Depression**

__**Station 1) "Chapter in Brief" Organizer**__

__**Station 2) "The Great Depression" Newspaper**__ //**Economic Failure - Can it get any worse? (**International Herald Tribune)//
 * Thesis Statement:** The huge economic failure from a severe crash of stocks is leading everyone into huge depression; they lost their jobs and money.


 * Topic Sentence 1:** In October 29, 1929, USA turned from the richest country to the most disastrous country of the time.
 * Topic Sentence 2:** The Great Depression created massive unemployment and caused people to lose their jobs.
 * Topic Sentence 3:** Only wealthy investors profited form the collapse of the stock markets and all others began to lose their hope.

//**"Defining Moment" in the 21th Century**// //**(**New York Times)//
 * Thesis Statement:** The Great Depression is often known as the "defining moment" in which caused and is still causing deaths of every people's hope.


 * Topic Sentence 1:** During the Great Depression, the stock markets dipped, rose, and lurched down again.
 * Topic Sentence 2:** In October 29, 1929, the Black Tuesday started another stock sales and brokers fought in order to get their money back.
 * Topic Sentence 3:** Stock markets overall lost about $30 billion and it is hard to tell when an American economy will fully recover.

__**Station 3) Short Videos Note-taking**__ -1948, Herbert Hoover excepted the republican party of nomination to run for president. -everyone wanted stock market --> fortune --> brokers sold shares on margin -October 29, 1929, stock prices got lower --> Black Tuesday --> markets closed down -federal government of 1929s supported low business with low interest & regulation -railroad industries got worse, unemployment increased, wealth decreased -banking industries all lost their money --> citizens wanted to withdraw cash from bank-->banks shut door instead -only wealthy investors profited from the collapse of the stock markets -jobless=homeless --> children had to help and work -1929~1932, about 400,000 farms closed coz they could not pay mortgages for land -1934 --> strong dust winds -President Hoover called together business, banking & labor leaders--> stopped them from calling strikes
 * 29 Minute Overview:**

-Franklin D. Roosevelt came to power--> FDR -he made new reforms--> "New Deal" & proposed more than 15 new pieces of legislation -declared bank holiday & Emergency Banking Relief Act --> allowed only financially stable ones to continue with their work -Federal Securities Act-->helped restore public confidence in stock market -Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C.) --> young man to work. (pay: $30a month) -Agricultural Adjustment Act (A.A.A.) --> limited crop production = price increase --> 1935, "unconstitutional"

-"Second New Deal" --> FDR's wife Eleanor Roosevelt --> became a symbol of hope -established Works Progress Administration (WPA) --> produced more than 8 million jobs -1935, Social Security Act --> jobless workers received unemployment compensation, families with dependent children & disabled received aid -1936, FDR reelected as president -1939, economic recovery

-The Great Depression began in USA in 1929 -1920s= richest country (USA) --> nice technology advances -1929 wall street cash --> bad recession (depression) --> loss of jobs -Massive effects: created massive unemployment, destroyed hopes for world peace, and ultimately allowed Hitler get into power. 1) took over Japan and Italy (invaded weaker countries) 2) France & Britain couldn't afford to get involved in war to help other countries (x paying for others) 3) Hitler promised to make country rich & powerful --> peop. voted for him--> Hitler got into power
 * A teacher's summary, with an international focus:**


 * Documentary:**

-very prosperous during 1920s--> 1929 rising unemployment & failing of farms --> wall crash of 1929
-During summer, stock market dipped, rose, and lurched down again -September, economist named Roger Babson warned that crash was coming -October 23, 1929, first wave of stock selling --> decrease in prices of stocks --> brokers started to sell stocks--> $10 billion wiped out in 2 hours. -October 29, 1929, black Tuesday --> another stock sales (no funds)--> brokers fought -stock market lost $14 billion --> total about $30 billion -investors bought stock on margin -took decade and a half for an American economy to fully recover

**Communist: Oral Quiz #2**
[]

**The Chinese Revolution and Japanese Imperialism**
__**Station 1) "Imperial China Collapses"**__ The Treaty of Versailles added to China's problem because they ignored China's request. China joined the World War I because they wanted to become free of foreign pressure and wanted the support of the Allies. However, the Treaty of Versailles resulted in total different consequences. The parts of China that had been controlled by Germany were passed on to Japan. Instead of becoming free of foreign pressure, Japan gained more pressure.

__**Station 2) Short-Chapter**__ "Meiji era" Japan was an isolated country from the early 1600s to the mid-1800s. It was not equal to other powerful countries, however, it started to change in 1867. The Emperor Mutshito reigned for 45 years, from 1867 to 1912, in which is called the Meiji era. He was determined to modernize Japan and to his help, Japan's industrial economy became almost equal as the other countries. By 1890, it had the strongest military power. Because they felt themselves great and powerful, they wanted to prove their power to others. [a picture of the Emperor Mutshito]
 * Chapter 12: Japan's Expansion**

"Enlargement of Power" Japan wasn't afraid of anything. They drove China out of Korea and gained Taiwan and some other islands as their new colonies. After, in 1904, Japan had a war with Russia over a part of China's Manchurian territory. Japan won and this surprised everyone because Russia had a larger power. In 1905, Japan attacked Korea and gained total control in 1910. The Japanese rulers were harsh and they treated Koreans very bad. Only Japanese language and history were taught in Korea and they took away land from Korean farmers. They even prohibited Koreans to start new business. This angered Koreans very much but during the time, there was nothing that they could do against Japan. [a part of China's Manchurian territory in 1904 (map)]

"Invasion of Manchuria" In 1931, Japanese Army attacked Chinese troops in Manchurian in order to take over the whole province. Their target was a full-scale invasion of Manchuria and the incident marked a significant change in Japan's foreign policy. Japan took over Manchuria to use their vast natural resources and raw materials, which would help further the economic goals of Japan. [a map of Manchuria area where Japan invaded]

"Japan's Justification" Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 caused many blames by the League of Nations. However, Japan issued a defense of its politics. They claimed that they had only three choices to make and expanding their territory was their last or perhaps the only choice. The three choices were namely emigration, advance into world markets, and expansion of territory. They explained that emigration has been barred by anti-Japanese immigration policies of other countries while the advance into world markets were being pushed shut by tariff barriers and the nullification of commercial treaties. There is no answer if Japan was right or not, however, it is true that Japan has ruined many other territories to expand their own.

__**Station 3) Was Mao a better or worse national leader than Stalin?**__ I believe that Mao was a despicable national leader who caused more consequences than Stalin. Most of people in China still believe that Mao's family gave up their lives for revolution. They say that without Mao, there was no China. However, instead of calling him the heroic leader, I believe that he was a leader who did horrendous things. He caused over 70 million deaths of Chinese during peace time and caused misery to people just for his own benefit. One example is the long March.When about 80,000 communist soldiers had to walk 6,00 miles across China, Mao was actually carried. Moreover, to modernize China, he led his people to starvation. He actually mentioned that in order modernize China, about half of China well have to die. The truth was, Mao needed to pay for technology to build an atomic bomb. Not only this but Mao also sold food that peasants made to Russia and Eastern Europe. To this problem, what Mao said was "educate the peasants to eat less." He also described that death have befit which they can fertilize more land. His leading strategies were horrific, however, himself was just awful too. He never bathed, brushed his teeth, or even brushed his hair. He was a definite womanizer which he was known for doing his business in bed. Even after Mao's death, China still suffered and struggled to move on. Mao left a huge impact to China.

**Russian Revolution: Oral Quiz #1**
http://youtu.be/ZPTSnzUzU34

__**Station 1) Overview of Russian Revolution**__
In 1894, when Nicholas II became czar, the rapid industrial growth brought many problems. The working conditions were poor, wages were very low, and every citizens were forced to work. This led to the anger of workers and often a strike. Furthermore, in 1904, Russia suffered a huge loss in the war with Japan. About four million of their soldiers were killed and the soldiers who survived refused to fight. Nicholas was trying to suppress them but it caused more anger and he had to allow some reforms. Eventually, he was forced to step down and Alexander Kerensky became the new czar. However, Alexander Kerensky also didn't have a successful government. His had his desire to keep Russia in war going and people refused. These forces later formed local councils called soviets. Both czars didn't have effective government which led to people's protest and revolution.

__**Station 2) Primary and Secondary Sources: Video**__ media type="file" key="9D-JaneJho-JohnStalin.m4a" width="300" height="50" I'm sorry about the distractive noises :( I didn't know it would sound that loud...I was just moving my macbook :'(

__**Station 3) Tools to Persuade and Motivate- Propaganda**__ 1. In this poster, Vladimir Lenin is drawn the biggest and other men with different races are also drawn next to him. By looking at their facial expression, I could tell that they are all proud. I think that this poster conveys a meaning that despite people's social class or nationality, they are all under Leninism and therefore are all triumph over the enemies. I believe that this poster is trying to convince people to unite under Leninism and be all dignified and glorious.

2. I believe that this poster is compelling because of it's visual appearance and detailed drawings. The right side where Lenin's head is drawn shows the importance of him in the poster because of it's size. On the other side where there is total 4 men drawn with their bodies shows their importance also. The colors (red and white) are very eye-catching and I really think that the placement of people are good. The poster also focuses on detail information such as their facial expression or their clothing.

**April 5 2012**

 * Evaluating Decisions**

I believe that the Treaty of Versailles reflected the greediness of different nation leaders. The Treaty of Versailles was a meeting between Germany and the Allies but it basically was an "order" to Germany that they had to unconditionally surrender. The meeting greatly involved the winners of the war, which included France, Great Britain, Italy, and U.S. Every Allied powers had their agendas to Germany but France wanted the most. Germany was never really defeated during World War I and they didn't have much loss. However, France, after their big loss, they wanted land, money, and protection from Germany. Due to their request, Germany had to demobilize 90% of their army, leaving only 100,000 soldiers left. Britain also had the same idea with France, they wanted security and stability. Therefore, Germany also were blamed for the cause of the war because they still had power to remain still. Germany had to sign the "war guilt" clause which placed sole responsibility for the war on their shoulders. As a result, they payed 80% of reparations to the Allies. This resulted Germany's unemployment to increase and their economy to fall down. On the other side, while France was trying so hard to humiliate Germany, U.S tried to stop France. President Wilson wanted a world with "self-determination" where there are no secret agreements but a system of law. This idea eventually created the league of nation but it failed after his death. Overall, I believe that the Treaty of Versailles showed how the winners of the war all had different ideas.
 * How did the Treaty of Versailles reflect the different personalities and agendas of the men in power at the end of World War I?**

**(w/ Daphnne Kang)**

 * In Flanders Fields talk about how the dead did not complete their duty therefore wishes for their companions to complete what they couldn't do. Where as in Dulce et Decorum is more emotional and it shows the sad and the sorrow side of the war.**

**Map Comparison**
In the map of European Alliance, the central powers, allied powers, and neutral nations are clearly labeled. The main allied powers includㄷ United Kingdom, France, Great Britain, Russia, and Serbia, while the main central powers includ Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire. The other countries were nations that were not yet aligned, which were Spain, Italy, Greece, Romania, and more. However, in the second map, some of the neutral countries are represented as "Darwinist", including Romania and Greece. All the Darwinist countries including them are drawn as monsters, all facing toward the Central powers, in this map, called the "Clanker". This tells me that they are all trying to take over the central powers, both Darwinist and Clanker. I believe that if the first map (European Alliance) shows the direct relationship, the second map also shows the direct relationship but also shows the common things between them. Both maps are clearly represented different, about either countries or the powers.
 * __1) European Alliances & The Great war__**

__**2) European Alliances & Balkans**__ By the early 1900s, Nationalism was a powerful force. Bosnia and Herzegovina were two large Balkan areas with large Slavic population. Serbia, a country with also a large Slavic population, wanted to absorb all the Slavs on the Balkan Peninsula. Serbia justified their claim by saying that because all Slavs had mostly the same cultural backgrounds, it is necessary and right for them to all become one. Serbia wanted to "unite" the Slavic population areas and overall, gain more territory.
 * Why might Serbia have staked a claim to Bosnia and Herzegovina?**

Russia was also a country with large Slavic population, similar as Serbia. They both shared same cultural background, making them friends. Also, I believe that Russia gained benefits from helping, such as in the conflicts or even just gaining more territories. For example, if Serbia had war and won them, Russia would benefit from it because they helped.
 * Why might Russia have been interested in helping further that claim?**

Germany and Austria-Hungary have resisted any moves for Bosnian secession because they feared about their loss of supreme power. Both countries were similar in a way that their population were mostly Slavs and that there were both rise of nationalism. Therefore, I believe that both of them didn't really wanted to cause any unnecessary conflict for their own good purposes.
 * Why would Germany and Austria-Hungary have resisted any moves for Bosnian (used to mean Bosnia and Herzegovina) secession from Austria-Hungary?**

10/10

**Impact of Nationalism**
__**Positive and Negative Results of Imperialism**__

I believe that nationalism has had a far more positive impact on the world than negative because Nationalism caused the majority to change in positive way. I admit that the minority faced problems due to nationalism, however, in one side, I believe that everyone can't be all happy and equal. The nationalism made majority to overcome differences such as local or regional. The nationalism brought the common goal to everyone, which eventually made them unite. Also, nationalism not only caused the people to unite but gave them independence. Moreover, the ideas began to spark, resulting competition among nations. The competition eventually lead to further scientific and technological advances in the world. Although the nationalism has had some negative impacts on the world, I believe that there were more positive impacts.
 * Do you think nationalism has had a more positive or negative impact on the world? Support your opinion with evidence.**

__**Types of Nationalist Movements**__ There are three types of Nationalistic movement, which are Unification, Separation, and State-building. Unification nationalism is the joining of the unions that are politically different but similar in culture. Separation nationalism is where the culturally distinct group rejects to merge themselves but instead tries to break away. On the other hand, State-building nationalism is where the culturally distinct group actually merges into a new state, accepting a particular one culture.
 * 1. Using the table above, explain the characteristics of each type of Nationalistic movement in your own words.**

I believe that during the rise of nationalism, the empires such as Austrian Empire or Ottoman Empire would have been weaken and destroyed. These empires were compsed of culturally diverse nationalities, therefore, had high chance of the disagreements among the groups. They also could had the idea about independence, eventually weakening the empires and breaking apart.
 * 2. What do you think would have happened to the empires (e.g. Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire) during the rise of nationalism?**

__**Key Skill: Analyzing Political Cartoons**__ In this political cartoon, the boot symbolizes Italy. The boot is being putted on to Victor Emmanuel II, Sardinia's king.
 * 1. What symbol does the cartoonist use for the soon-to-be nation of Italy?**

Garibaldi is portrayed as a man who is very royal and sincere to the king. He is drawn as a lower class member who is kneeling down to help the king wear his boots. He seems obedient and dedicated to his king very much.
 * 2. How is Garibaldi portrayed?**

The cartoonist has positive look of Italian unification because the phrase "at last" implies the feeling that unification is finally done and was expected.
 * 3. What does the title of the cartoon say about the cartoonist’s view of Italian unification?**

__**CASE STUDY: Germany**__
 * 1) Create a flow chart that shows the key events that led the unification of Germany.**

The territory of Prussia is separated by few kilometers, into eastern and western parts. They are not joined together unlike other territories.
 * 2) Looking at the map on page 263, answer the two geography skill builder questions.**
 * 1. What was unusual about the territory of Prussia as it existed in 1865?**

After 1865, the biggest expansion of Prussian territory was in 1871 where Prussia conquered South German States.
 * 2. After 1865, what year saw the biggest expansion of Prussian territory?**

I created a national symbol for the newel formed Germany which contains the meaning of war, blood, and unity. The blood and the sword is on the bird in the middle that symbolizes Germany. This represents the conflicts and loss that they had during their time of unifying. However, in the end, all these conflicts and losses led to an agreement and unity, which is shown as the picture of handshake at the back.
 * 3) Design a national symbol for the newly formed Germany. Include symbols that best represent the spirit or values of the German people at this time. Write a short paragraph explaining your symbol and its significance.**

20/20


 * February 15 2012**

**Case Study of India and Britain**
__**Terms & Names:**__
 * 1. Sepoys**- Sepoys, the Indian soldiers who were angry at British because British were violating their religious laws and customs, fought against the British and caused many Indians to be indignant.


 * 2. Sepoy Mutiny**- The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point for British rule in India, which the British government took control over the power of India from the East India Company. Also, due the Sepoy Mutiny, the divisions of culture, religion, and politics between British and the Indians grew wider.


 * 3. Congress Party**- This political group were concerned with equal rights for Indians and even independence, becoming further nationalistic.


 * 4. Mohandas Gandhi-** He was a successful political leader of India who brought nationalistic ideas to the common people of India. His strategy of non-violent non cooperation, called satyagraha, was used to win tax reductions for farmers and to improve the wages and working conditions of factory laborers. He also often spoke of the brotherhood of all Indians, trying to balance the Hindus and Muslims.


 * 5. Mohammed Ali Jinnah**- He was also an Indian nationalist, who disagreed with Gandhi's tactics. He tried to unify Hindu and Muslim, however, consistently failed due to Congress Party's disagreement. Eventually, in the end, he led to the huge delay of achieving independence.

__**Main Ideas:**__ There were four factors that contributed to Britain's conquest of India; Britain's military forces, fierce fight among Indian kingdoms, British were well organized, and their political stability. The British military forces were technologically superior to Indians and the chaos among Indian kingdoms paved the way for British control. Moreover, the British in India were well organized and united in their goals, and they also had political stability and an efficient government.
 * 1. What were four factors that contributed to Britain's conquest of India?**

The mistreatment of Indians' culture and religion from British caused the sepoy mutiny. They were outraged because they felt that the British were violating their religious laws. However, this resulted the British government taking over the direct rule of India from the East India Company.
 * 2. What was the cause of the sepoy mutiny and what was its main result?**

The Congress Party and the Muslim League promoted the Indian independence and the self-government. Also, Ghandi's strategy, the "nonviolent non cooperation" called satyagraha, helped promote the Indian independence as well.
 * 3. Which groups and ideas promoted the Indian independence?**

Ghandi's philosophy was based upon four general principles; he believed that everyone should live as simply as possible, be tolerant of the religious beliefs of others, devote one's life to the service of the others, and battle injustice in all its forms, but never by resorting to violence.
 * 4. What were the four general principles of Gandhi's philosophy?**

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was once called "the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity." He demanded seperate country for Muslims and he tried to unify Hindu and Muslim. However, after he failed, he formed a separate nation called Pakistan and he became the first leader of independent Pakistan.
 * 5. What role did Jinnah play in the partition of India?**

__**Documents**:__ The documents B, C, and E are pro British in nature, while on the other side, the documents A, D, F, G, H, J, K, and L are pro Indian.
 * 6. Which of the documents are pro British in nature?Which ones are pro Indian?**

There are some benefits for Indians in the lowest levels from India's Constitution such as limitless opportunity for "all" citizens and the abolishment of Untouchability. Also, the Constitution states that there shall not be discrimination against any citizen of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, and etc.
 * 7. How would Indians in the lowest levels of their society benefit from India's Constitution as stated in Document H?**

The British colonization would have lasting impact on the people of India in both positive and negative ways. For the positive way, I believe that the British colonization helped the modification of technology. Document J shows the picture of the artificial difference in one picture. The side where there is a plane shows the advanced technology by British colonization, unlike the old technology on the left. For the negative way, document K shows the perfect example. It shows the conflict between Pakistan and India over land, about their customs, religions, and more. There is a strong Muslim-Hindu tension shown in the photography.
 * 8. How would British colonization have lasting impact on the people of India? support your answers from the documents.**

__**Critical Thinking:**__ The British doesn't understand the Indians' custom, religion, and their cultural differences. There were no respect between each other and the British were just trying to violate the Indians culture, which led to the Sepoy Mutiny. Also, Britons who lived in India during the years of the Raj tried to live exactly as they had lived in England. They didn't socialize with the Indians and most importantly, British thought that Indians were an "inferior race".
 * 9. What were the causes of the cultural conflict between the British and the Indians?**

The British rule in India had both positive and negative effects. For the positive effects, the British helped develop the technology and infrastructure. This meant more profits in financial way for Indians. Also, Indians were able to learn more about nationalism and democracy under the British rule. The British also gave the Indians the political stability too. For the negative effects, there were the inequality among the Indians and British. Indians expected equal rights, however, didn't work out. For example, the British all had higher wages while the Indians got low. Also, the Indians had to adjust to the British rule by sacrificing themselves.
 * 10. Identify both positive and negative effects of the British rule in India.**

It was obvious for Indians that they couldn't win the British by power or violence. They were just too weak. There was absolutely no chance for them to win by using military forces, because as mentioned in the question, Britain was much more powerful. Therefore, they had to use Ghandi's strategy, "nonviolent noncooperation". Since they couldn't use violence, they had to use their head. They had to unite all together and simply refuse to obey them. As Ghandi said, I believe that his strategy is the most powerful weapon of all, especially in this case, when facing the powerful Great Britain.
 * 11. How were Gandhi's four general principles effective in dealing with much more powerful Great Britain?**

The Muslims demanded a separate nation because the Muslims were scared of the unequal rights that they might face between them and the Hindus. The Congress Party was dominated by the Hindus and Jinnah failed his responsibility for turning the Muslim League into a broad-based political party.
 * 12. For what reasons did Muslims demand a separate nation?**

In the beginning, the Congress Partyy demanded independence for a united India and the Muslim League demanded a separate nation. In August 1947, India and Pakistan became independent nations. However, on March 26, 1971, East Pakistan proclaimed its independence as the new nation of Bangledesh. Also, located at the southern tip of India, Ceylon also won its independence in 1948 and changed its name to Sri Lanka in 1972.
 * 13. Why did the colony of India Break up into four separate nation?**

20/20


 * February 13 2012**

**Global Impact of Imperialism**
__**Task 1:**__

__**Task 2:**__ This image is anti-imperialism because China, which is represented as a dragon, is lying down on the floor where all the other imperialists whom are also represented as animals are trying to take over. The other nations include Russia, Italy, Austria, Japan, U.S.A, Germany, and more. The common thing about all these countries in this image is that they all have weapons, such as sword or their claws. Also, all of their face expressions are filled with great desire. Because China is placed in the middle of the picture with all other countries with weapon and desire, it is clearly shown that they want to take over China.
 * 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know?**

In this image, China seems to be viewed as a very needful country. Every other countries are trying to take over China because of it's resources. China looks very weak during the period of time when this picture was drawn, therefore, I believe that the other countries are more desperate and are willing to take over China, so that they can get many benefits.
 * 2) What views of the native peoples are being communicated in each of the illustrations?**

Looking at the expressions on their face, they all look very desperate and eager. For their better resources, they must conquer China. It seems as if they are going to do anything it takes to conquer China, even if it requires war between them.
 * 3) What views are being communicated about the Europeans/Japanese in their role as imperialists?**

China is in danger all the time because China is very needed for trading and resources. Everyday, the other countries are on alert for their opportunity to take over China. In this image, the foreign countries are trying to take over China when China has no attention at all to them.
 * 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//OR//__ costs of imperialism?**

This image is anti imperialism because Korea is tightened by in one side, Japan, and on the other side, Russia. Korean man in the middle seems to be in torture, being chocked and strangulated.
 * 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know?**

Koreans are brought to a stand by Japanese and Russians, where both of them wants to take over Korea. In this image, Korea is viewed as a powerless country. They can't do anything between them but being tortured.
 * 2) What views of the native peoples are being communicated in each of the illustrations?**

In their role as imperialists, they are trying to pull Korea to their side to gain greater control of Korea.
 * 3) What views are being communicated about the Europeans/Japanese in their role as imperialists?**

The author is trying to convey the message that there could be a conflict anytime between countries for the control of power. The conflict is usually between strong nations, however, the countries that are in the middle of the conflict are usually weak, mostly the colonized people.
 * 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//OR//__ costs of imperialism?**



This is anti imperialism in which U.S is looking down on the Africans. In this image, Uncle Sam represents U.S and the man on the floor represents Africa, and we could tell that by his skin color. Uncle Sam is using African man as a table to enjoy his food. African man looks very skinny, almost as if he is struggling with starvation. Unlike Uncle Sam who looks proud and comfortable, African man looks starved and angry.
 * 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know?**

Africans are described as very powerless people in which they are not treated important, in this case, treated as a dining table. African man's face expression shows that he doesn't like the position of where he's at and wants to run away. However, I believe that they are being forced by Americans.
 * 2) What views of the native peoples are being communicated in each of the illustrations?**

They are viewed as powerful and cruel people. For their own good and power, they are forcing people to do things that they don't want to. On the outside, they might look just powerful, however, are very cruel inside, destroying others for their own benefits.
 * 3) What views are being communicated about the Europeans/Japanese in their role as imperialists?**

Although the imperialists are looked as powerful and confident people, the step of becoming powerful was very cruel. They treated the natives bad for their own good.
 * 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//OR//__ costs of imperialism?**

__**Task 3:**__ Feudalism was an economic system in which the higher class rented their lands to lower class in return for the part of their profits. This system definitely used the social classes. For mercantilism, it was an economic system in which they gained profits by exporting more than importing. On the other side, Capitalism gained profit by free market in which companies were owned by individuals, not by the social classes. Unlike Feudalism and mercantilism, Capitalism does not involve social class or government and anyone could take part.
 * 1) Feudalism and mercantilism were two economic systems that preceded capitalism. Review and summarize (in your own words) how they generated wealth. How does capitalism DIFFER from these two systems?**

According to the lecture, I believe that the fossil fuels, free markets, colonialism, and imperialism all drove capitalism. Found in the colonies, the ability to extract fossil fuels and convert it into energy made profits. Also, the capitalist countries worked hard in a very efficient way with innovative and creative ideas. They were also very productive, which eventually caused the growth in their wealth and economy. Because the economic system was a very powerful system, all the incomes and their profits were important. The resources from other foreign countries and the open trade also helped and in the end, these factors led to Capitalism.
 * 2) According to this lecturer, what forces drive capitalism?**

Really good work, Jane! Keep this up please! 20/20

**5 Tasks**
__ Task 1: __ On Daphnne's gallery page!

__Task 2: Scramble for Africa__ British and French controlled the largest sections of Africa in 1914.
 * 1) Which countries controlled the largest sections of Africa in 1914?**

I believe that British and French had the largest area of Africa because they were greatly involved in industrialization and they were the richest with the most power. British and French were the first ones to reach the industrialization and also imperialism. They were the first ones to become imperialists and they knew that Africa was a great place with lots of resources. Therefore, I believe that British and French stood up and conquered most of the lands in Africa.
 * 2) Why do you think these countries had the largest area of Africa?**

__Task 3:__

-Colonization ->motivated by European hunger for African resources -Britain-> largest area of Africa -1894 imposed arbitrary boundary => made Uganda - Southern: Bantu -> economic & political & education advantage - Northern: Acholi and Langi-> military & police position -exploiting culture-> British divided rule policy-> created tension -> maintain British rule -French took East-West continent and Madagascar -In Sudan, British ruled Arabs in the North/ Blacks in the South -> separate colonies to combine areas before independence (1956)-> civil war - Milton Obote (Northerner) = Uganda's first prime minister -> 1971 was overthrown by Idi Amin (w/ help of Israel and Britain) -Idi Amin was overthrown in 1979 -> Milton Obote returned to power -> rebel formed called National Resistance Army (NRA) (democratic movement) - Alice Lakwena -> Holy spirit movement -October 1987-> Alice Lakwena forces were demolished by NRA -After colonization: change in culture, religion, and economy
 * Notes on "The Scramble For Africa"**

__Task 4:__ Berlin Conference is also known as the Berlin West Africa Conference, and it was held forom November 15, 1884 to January 20, 1885. The strongest European powers, such as France, Great Britain, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and the United States, met in Berlin to divide the African continent into colonial holdings. Thus, in the meeting, no Africans were present.
 * 1) What was the Berlin Conference?**

After the Berlin Conference, there were three outcomes in which the conference agreed. First, they agreed that if any sovereign power wants to claim any territory, they should inform the other powers in order to make "good claim of their own". Second, any annexation should be validated by an effective occupation. Lastly, they agreed that the treaties with African rulers were to be considered a valid title to sovereignty. This conference and the outcomes were special, because this was the first time that one continent actually declared its plans to occupy and distribute the territory of another continent.
 * 2) What were the three outcomes of the conference?**

__Task 5:__ __**Picture 1**__ This image is anti imperialism because in the picture, the man is trying to conquer, in other word, dominate Africa because there are the gold fields. Also, if you look closely, the man's face expression and the shadows are very significant. The man's face looks somewhat evil and greedy. Also, the shadows below his hand looks as if the darkness is going to soon reach and eat Africa. The man has already took over the other areas, and they want MORE. In conclusion, he is trying to get benefit from conquering Africa, therefore, is anti imperialism.
 * 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know?**

This shows the possibility of Africans in danger because of the imperialists who wants the Gold Fields. Europe is basically thinking Africa as the source of "Gold Fields". Europe and Africa is not closely located, however, because Europeans are trying to take over Africa, Africa is in danger.
 * 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations?**

The British man, as an imperialist, is trying to take over Africa because of the Gold Fields. He is representing the British nation itself, and they are seeking their own economic benefit from Africa.
 * 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists?**

While the imperialists can gain benefit from the other colonies, in this case, economic profits, the other colonies suffer and lose what they have. Europeans are not helping the other colonies, they are just benefiting from them.
 * 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//OR//__ costs of imperialism?**

__**Picture 2**__ This image is pro imperialism because the picture shows a white man leading African kids in a very hopeful way. This is a very optimistic image in which the white man is helping Africans who needs help. There is a glow behind the man as he is leading Africans, which gives the picture more insightful meaning. It almost seems as if the man was chosen by the God.
 * 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know?**

Africans are incapable of organizing their thoughts and putting into an action. They are uncivilized and uneducated. Therefore, it seems like they need one man, in this case, a white man, as a leader of their group.
 * 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations?**

It is their responsibility to educate, lead, and guide the Africans. They are like God, who can lead them to the right pathway.
 * 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists?**

The message in this image talks about the costs of imperialism. It shows how the Europeans are capable of leading, meaning that they are educated and civilized. They would have to lead the right pathway for the "undeveloped" Africans and it would be their responsibility to do so.
 * 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//OR//__ costs of imperialism?**

__**Picture 3**__ This image is definitely anti imperialism because African man is tortured by the white snake. The white evil snake with a crown represents imperialists. The snake is tightening African man's body, torturing him. It can be assumed that the snake will eventually eat the African man. If you look closely to the picture, African man's face expression shows how much he is in pain. This also shows the mistreatment of the imperialists to Africans and therefore, this is an anti imperialism.
 * 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know?**

This shows how Africans suffered because of the Europeans. The imperialists are not even drawn as human beings but evil looking snake. On the other side, even if the African man is uncivilized, he is represented as a human.
 * 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations?**

Basically, British are tormenting Africans because of their own benefits. I believe that they are represented as snake because in this case, snake seems to symbolize their evil personality.
 * 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists?**

This image is being conveyed by the author about the costs of imperialism. Because of the imperialists, Africans are tortured for their life. Even though this picture only shows one African man, it seems as if he is representing all the other Africans. Also, in the picture, African woman is watching how the African man is being tortured and seems to be in shock. However, she doesn't try to help because I believe that she knows the consequences that will follow if she helps.
 * 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//OR//__ costs of imperialism?**

__**Picture 4**__ This image is pro imperialism because the British man appears proud and the white man appears bigger and more proud. In the first and second image, it shows how patriots protect their own colonies, from such foreigners or animals. The last picture shows the obedience toward the chief man.
 * 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know?**

It shows that they are less educated and civilized that the British. The first picture shows the British raising navies for protection from the foreigners. However, on the second picture, it shows how the Indians are protecting themselves from the animals by shooting tigers.
 * 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations?**

I believe that British is actually helping other colonies. Because they have such power as imperialists, they could do whatever they want in their colonies. Shown in all the pictures, raising navies, shooting tigers, and obedience to chief man just shows that they are actually helping the colonies.
 * 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists?**

I believe that the message is the benefit of imperialism. Because British are the imperialists who have such power, they should protect the Africans and Asians and take it as their responsibility/duty.
 * 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//OR//__ costs of imperialism?**

__**Picture 5**__ This image is anti imperialism because of the details in this image. If you just take a glance at this image, it seems as if this image is pro imperialism. However, if you look closely, we could see the division in the students. In the back, one African kid is cleaning out the window and another African girl is left out in the class. Moreover, the front-seated African kids seems to be afraid. If you look at the face expression of the teacher and the African Kids, they are very much related. The teacher is frowning while the African kids are scared. We can assume that the teacher is punishing the African kids only, because the white child are all in the back, studying. There is surely a unequal treatment of child in the image.
 * 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know?**

I believe that they are very much uneducated and undeveloped. If you look closely, they are drawn less mature than the white child. They are literally drawn as babies in which they can't tolerate their own feelings and have responsibility.
 * 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations?**

As imperialists, they are trying to teach Africans some education. They are educated and developed, unlike Africans. However, they are not taught equally.
 * 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists?**

In this image, the benefits are shown that the "developed" nations are helping the "undeveloped" ones. This image definitely shows that the white are better than the imperialized people. And because they are well-educated than the other, they are trying to teach them how to mature up, to become a fully strong colony.
 * 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//OR//__ costs of imperialism?**

__**Picture 6**__ This image is anti imperialism because the mean and scary looking bird is basically observing Africans if they are working or not. The crown on the bird symbolizes that the bird represents imperialist. The bird is up in the sky, watching every single Africans. They are being watched and are forced to work. Moreover, I believe that the bird is also looking for more resources and benefits. Africans looks very angry and they are drawn as if they are soon going to rebel.
 * 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know?**

Africans and Asians look very small in this photo compared to the one bird in the sky. They are trying to protest, however, they are too small to protest against the big bird, the powerful imperialist. Also, they are being treated as one of the resources and benefits.
 * 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations?**

They are very powerful compared to Africans. They have the power in which they could watch Africans and make them suffer. By the size of the drawing, it is definitely showing the difference of power between Africans and the imperialists.
 * 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists?**

For imperialism, there are more costs. African and Americans, being the victim of the British imperialist, suffer through their whole life. Even if they want to revolt, their powers are too small compared to the imperialists'.
 * 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//OR//__ costs of imperialism?**

__**Picture 7**__ This is surely an anti imperialism because it shows the suffer of the people in the imperialized area. The woman in the center is trying to show the man (the imperialist) about the situation in the imperialized area. However, the man is paying no attention to the situation but is looking at the map of Philippines. Also, the scale of justice that the woman is holding is unbalanced.
 * 1) Is this image pro or anti imperialism? How do you know?**

They are suffering hugely in their imperialized area. Some of them hanged their selves on the tree, ending their life. Also, it is shown that many died on the floor due to hunger. They are having the most miserable life due to the unconcern of the imperialists.
 * 2) What views of African and Asians are being communicated in each of the illustrations?**

The imperialists are totally unconcerned for Africans. They do not realize the fact that their indifference is leading to all those consequences. They seem to not care at all, but I truly think that it is their responsibility. I believe that they are making sinful mistakes, by taking over many people's life.
 * 3) What views are being communicated about the British/ Americans in their role as imperialists?**

Obviously, this picture conveys the costs of imperialism. All the sufferings and injustice are the consequences of imperialism. The scale of justice is not balanced and the imperialists doesn't make any attempt to make it balanced. The deaths are caused by I believe, the mistreatment of imperialists to the imperialized people.
 * 4) What is message is being conveyed by the author about the benefits __//OR//__ costs of imperialism?**

Clearly lots of work and thought went into this. 30/30


 * February 8 2012**

//**Darwin's Document Based Question: Do Darwin’s theories apply to culture and society?**// I strongly believe that Darwin’s theories apply to culture and society because all his ideas about natural selection are closely related to them. One of Darwin’s idea about the natural selection was that there is a struggle for life. I believe that in order to survive in the society, there has to be competitions, fighting for resources. For example, Europeans fought and conquered other nations, especially the undeveloped ones. Of course, the undeveloped ones tried to resist and tried to keep their culture the same. However, if they are imperialized, then they eventually change their culture. This connects to the next idea of Darwin, which is the “survival of the fittest”. Now, in the term of the society, I believe that the word “fittest” refers to “wealth”. This is very true, that the wealth mostly survives and be successful compared to the people who are poor and have no money at all. In this society, money means power and power means money. I believe that the ones with power can survive better and longer, as Darwin thought in his theory. Lastly, I believe that the divulge in the species due to natural selection relates to the society as well. The wealth and power make social classes, dividing up the people into different groups. They are divided into 2 classes, the wealthy and poor. In conclusion, I think that Darwin’s ideas about the natural selection applies to culture and society in many different ways.
 * Excerpts "On the Origin of Species" :**


 * Imperialism in the Modern Age:**

10/10


 * February 6 2012**
 * “The White Man’s Burden”**

I believe that the "White Man's Burden" is based on the responsibility of the action of the white men and also their job to take over foreign lands. I think that Kipling is trying to emphasize the point where the white men should have the control of the other countries. The white men should control over the countries and try to improve them.
 * 1. What is “The White Man’s Burden” based on Rudyard Kipling’s description in this poem?**

I strongly disagree with Kipling's characterization because I believe that conquering and helping are not related. In the poem, it basically states that all the conquering and destroying are done to help, however, I believe that they are just helping themselves. The countries conquered will not have any benefit and I believe that this is a wrong idea to use violence. I believe that controlling others were done because they wanted more money and benefits**,** not to help.
 * 2. Do you agree or disagree with Kipling’s characterization? Why or why not?**

I think that the attitude of Europeans and Americans were very confident, and at the same time, ignorant. In the poem, Europeans and Americans both considered themselves as the most powerful countries in the world. I think this is one of the reason why they conquered many other countries, to show their power and therefore, hiding their weakness. The poem states, "Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child". This shows a complete ignorance tone of Europeans and Americans. We could tell that they are ignoring the rest of the world and looking down on them.
 * 3. What does this say about the attitude of Europeans and Americans toward the rest of the world during the mid 1800 - early 1900’s? Use specific examples from the poem.**

KIS is an example of "The White Man's Burden" in modern Korean society, because the education system in KIS is based on the US system. The education of KIS is completely different from the other schools in Korea. It is based on the America's education and even the teachers here are Americans that came to teach from US. This all means that US had a big influence on Korea, in this case, especially on education.
 * 4. Is KIS an example of “The White Man’s Burden” in modern Korean society? Why or why not?**

Good, thoughtful answers, Jane. 10/10


 * February 2 2012**
 * Document-Based Questions**

Andrew Carnegie and Friedrich Engels would disagree about the effects of industrialization because they were the wealthy ones. Andrew Carnegie made a lot of profit and he had a very positive view about America's manufactures. However, Frierich Engels, probably the owner of a factory in England, had a very critical view point about industrialization. He wrote about how the poor suffered through the time of industrialization because of their poor working conditions and the small amount of money they received.
 * 1. Why would Andrew Carnegie and Friedrich Engels disagree about the effects of industrialization?**

I believe that Mary Paul was satisfied with her job because she got higher wages than what she got from her house. As we read the primary source, we can tell that the girl was not from a wealthy family. Therefore, she must have been mistreated in her house, which makes her satisfied with everything that factory gives her. As she mentioned, the job gave her a boarding place and enough food to eat. Moreover, during the time, it was not easy for the young ones to get the job, because obviously, the adults had more chances of getting hired.
 * 2. What might be reasons for 16 years old Mary Paul's satisfaction with her job and life in Lowell?**

The political cartoon by Walter Crane gives the positive view of socialism, while giving negative view of capitalism. The image is very drastic, where the vampire bat of Capitalism is attacking a laborer. However, on the other side, socialism is represented as the angel that is rescuing the laborer. Therefore, this causes the workers to think and change their minds positively toward socialism.
 * 3. Why might the political cartoon by Walter Crane be useful in getting workers to rally to the cause of socialism?**

10/10


 * January 30 2012**
 * Communist**

I think that Marx wouldn't have agree that the countries were "communist" because he defined the communism in a special way. On the map, China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, and North-Korea are placed as the current self-declared communist governments.During his time, he thought that communist society meant no social classes or government. He described that the society fallows feudalism, capitalism, socialism, and lastly, communism. He focuses on the fact that everyone is equal, meaning no rich or poor. I think that China could be the best opposing example toward his idea.
 * 1. Would Marx have agree that these countries were "communist"?**

The "communist" world was a theory not a reality. At first, people were interested in this new idea and were willing to follow. However, it didn't work as they planned. First, equality among people didn't work, instead, it increased. Also, the governemnt didn't disappear but increased it's size. It showed that the reality is different from the theory.
 * 2. What has happened to the "communist" world?**

As I mentioned above, I think that this happened due to the difference between the theory and reality. The theory doesn't always work in reality and this case is the perfect example. The idea of equality was good, however, was not able to be done in real life. I believe that equality among people are almost impossible. For example, each people make their own profit. Everyone tries different jobs to gain money and because the money depends on the "time" of work, the amount of money that a person get is all different from each other. Also, living without a government basically means no rules. And if there are no rules, it is sure that problems are going to happen everyday. I think that the idea of class differences can't be changed due to the society's living way. Marx may have made the good theroy, but it was a theory that couldn't be possible in the real society.
 * 3. Why do you think this has happened?**

I believe that no matter what, the growing gap between the rich and poor would not be stopped. The reform laws may have gave the workers a better life, however, I believe that it cannot completely destroy the social classes. There are desires in society in which people want to gain “power”. Money equaled power where power equaled money. Therefore, unless the whole society and the people changes, I believe that the social differences will keep increasing.
 * 4. What do you think of the idea that the growing gap between the rich and poor in the industrialized world never materialized because of the Union movement and reform laws?**

During the 1820s, children as young as five years of age labored in the textile and carpet factories, mines, glass works, and garment-making sweatshops. Children under sixteen made up almost half of the cotton textile workers in the United States. Employers hired child and because they were powerless, there were often child abuse going on too. U.S Congress passed the first federal legislation prohibiting the employment of children, however, this law was not enforced until the 1930s. The painting of a large crowd of laborers leaving work at the end of the day shows that children were very much a part of the factory labor force. Also, selling manufactured goods on the streets of large cities such as London was a common form of child labor during the industrial revolution. Many young girls worked in a silk spinning factory near Aubenas, in the Cevennes Mountains in southern France. They had to work in the cramped conditions with incredibly hot temperature, especially in summer. Moreover, the boys had to work with the huge machines that they appear almost dwarfed by the size of the machines. Because they all worked in cramped and hot places, children as well as adult workers suffered severe respiratory problems, today known as white lung disease. Also, the picture of boys and girls working tells us that there wre gender division of labor in the industry. On May 1, 1909, the working girls wore banners that read "Abolish Child Slavery" in both English and Yiddish, the language spoken by the hundreds of Eastern European Jewish women and children who worked in the New York garment industry. As I read through this chapter and looked at every photos, I realized that child also suffered as much as the adult workers and were greatly involved in the labors during the Industrial Revolution. I felt the miserable fates of the young children and felt sympathy toward them.
 * January 20 2012**
 * A Childhood at Work**


 * January 19 2012**
 * Industrial Revolution**
 * 1) **The Industrial Revolution, and the urbanization that accompanied it, have been described as a mixed blessing. To what extent to you agree with this statement?**

I definitely agree with the Industrial Revolution being described as a "mixed blessing", because there were both positive and negative effects during the period. Between 1800 and 1850, most of Europe's urban areas at least doubled in population, and this period was one of urbanization- city building and the movement of people to cities. However, as England grew it's population rapidly, they had no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes. Most of the unpaved streets had no drains and workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, with whole families crowding into one bedroom. Moreover, epidemics of the deadly disease cholera regularly swept through the slums of Great Britain's industrial cities. Almost everyone suffered, except the well-to-do merchants and factory owners who often built luxurious homes in the suburbs. Also, workers had to spent about 14 hours a day at the job, helping the machine and being in danger. The machine had the possibility of exploding anytime and that caused problems. Not just the living conditions, but there were more negative effects such as the class tensions. The middle class rose where the working class watched their livelihoods disappear as machines replaced them. However, because the Industrial Revolution was "mixed blessing", there were positive effects too, especially about the economic success. Industrial Revolution created jobs for workers, contributed to the wealth of the nation, fostered technological progress and invention, and it greatly increased the production of goods and raised the standard of living. Moreover, it provided hope of improvement in people's lives and the profits derived from industrialization produced tax revenues. I believe that even if Industrial Revolution caused a lot of problem and negative effects, I think that it still helped people and society to improve, therefore, I agree with the statement of the Industrial Revolution being described as a "mixed blessing".


 * January 17 2012**
 * The Mind Map- Computers**

http://mind42.com/pub/mindmap?mid=744f6cdd-28e7-4e71-b134-035e8a066ba4&rel=url

4) Why did Napoleon's Empire collapse? Napoleon loved power and he took many steps to expand his empire. However, he made three huge mistakes that led to the collapse of his Empire. First, he had a desire to crush Britain, tried to hurt the British economy. In 1806, he tried stopping all trade between Britain and the lands he controlled. However, his plan failed because some Europeans secretly brought in British goods. Moreover, the British put their own blockade around Europe. The British had such strong navy, the plan worked, eventually leading the the fall of French economy. Second, Napoleon made his brother king of Spain in 1808. However, the Spanish people were loyal to their own king and with the help of Britain, they together fought against Napoleon, leading to his 300,000 troops lost. Last, which perhaps was his worst mistake, in 1812, he tried to conquer Russia. He entered with more than 400,000 of his soldiers and he got as far as Moscow. However, Moscow was deserted and was on fire, which made his soldiers with no food or supplies. And because the winter was coming, Napoleon ordered his soldiers to head back to France. On the way to France, Russian troops killed thousands of soldiers who were all hungry and cold. Thus, thousands more deserted. By the time the army exited Russian territory, only 10,000 of men were able to fight. Because of these huge mistakes, the other leaders found Napoleon weak and they attacked him. Soon, Napoleon was defeated by the other leaders in Germany in 1813. In 1814, Napoleon gave up his throne and that was the fall of his Empire.
 * December 11 2011**
 * The Congress of Vienna**

5) The Congress of Vienna was created by the leaders of many nations met for months. The meeting was held to draw up a peace plan for Europe that would last for many years. Out of all the leaders, Klemens von Metternich, the foreign minister of Austria, was the key person and he insisted on three goals. First, he wanted to make sure that the French would not attack any other country again. Second, he wished for a balance of power in which no nation was too strong. And lastly, he wanted to put kings back in charge of the countries from which they had been removed. The other leaders all agreed on his ideas and the age of European peace began.

I chose the image for my quotation because I thought that the bloody fist toward the sky represents the bloody revolution and the sacrifice of the people involved.
 * November 27 2011**
 * Explanation for quote image**


 * November 16 2011**
 * Catherine the Great**

http://janejho1.edu.glogster.com/9d-janejho-catherine-the-great/


 * November 15 2011**
 * Absolutism**

What is absolutism? Absolutism is a theory of kingship whereby the monarch ruled with absolute power. Possessing unlimited power, the monarchs were not subject to any laws but those of God. At this time, absolutism is also called as “dictatorship”.

Explain the justification for absolutism referred to as the 'divine right of kings'. According to Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, God gave the absolute power to the monarchs. Therefore, monarchs were the direct way to communicate with God and absolutism is referred to as the 'divine right of kings' because it is believed that monarch’s powers are directly given by god and that they are the representatives and connection with God.

List the causes of the rise of Absolutism in Europe. There are many causes of the rise of Absolutism in Europe, which are the mercantile policy, catastrophe, and the Protestant Reformation. After the catastrophe in the 14th century, strong monarch was needed in Europe and after mercantile policy in the 15th century, a big amount of wealth was created that the monarchs controlled to maintain their trade.

Explain briefly how absolutism developed in

-Spain: Spain was the first place in which Absolutism appeared. Due to the dynastic marriages of Habsburg royal families, the monarchs power strengthened and Spain looked for their land expansion. -France: Absolutism appeared in France because Louis and the monarchs needed to suppress anyone rebellious and to keep away the internal conflicts. -England: England worked hard to achieve their objectives with the Parliament. -Russia: Absolutism was already existed in Russia b

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGiOgaKi6hE
 * November 9 2011**
 * Speed-Dating**

- Please increase the volume ! The sound is very small ;(


 * October 26 2011**
 * Port 4**

1) Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a Japanese peasant soldier, was also known as "The Bald Rat" 2) Japan hoped to build its empire in China. 3) Japan lost in the war between Korea because of Korea's turtle boats and it caused Japan to stop from building and expanding it's empire. 4) Japan didn't try again because after Hideyoshi's death, they began to close their minds, becoming "isolated" from the others.

**September 23 2011**

 * China's Age of Exploration II**

The picture of the population of Muslims shows that Indonesia has the highest population of Muslims. Then it follows by the Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and more. Indonesia has the highest number of population of Muslims, about 202.9 million. By looking and examining the diagram closely, we could see that Pakistan, India, and Indonesia are all closely located to China. Therefore, it can be concluded that Muslims in China probably have migrated from those three countries.

The picture of voyages of Zheng He shows me the accomplishments that he has made. Zheng He didn't have any knowledge or experience but that didn't matter. He went on the voyages for seven times and made China into better developed country. He reached Africa and Arabia, and all over the Asia. This helped China to have better communication with others, also meaning better trade routes.

In 1420, Zheng He moved the capital of China to Beijing and created the Forbidden City. When the Forbidden City was destroyed, Zhu Di lost control of his empire. Eventually, the Mongol leader, Arughtai, refused to pay the tribute that was necessary in China. Starting from the tribute problem, the rebels rose up in 1424. In the same time, Zheng He passed away. After Zheng He's death, his son, Zhu Gaozhi, ascended the throne. I really think that Forbidden City was the place which made China more valuable and special.

**September 20 2011**

 * SEE, THINK, WONDER**

I see a naked man and another man on the right who is trying to grab the naked man. I think the man on the right is being took somewhere forcefully and he is trying to not go by holding on to the naked man on the left. I wonder where the man on the right is being taken.

**China's Golden Age**
The picture of China ship shows me how big the ship was compared to the other, in this case, the Santa Maria The China's ship was 480 ft long and 180 ft wide and we could tell by the picture that the size is enormous. On the other side, the Santa Maria is was 150 ft long and a mere 20 ft wide. That is very small compared to the China ship.

The picture of Europe in 1400 shows me that Kingdom of Europe was very big and powerful during the time in Europe. The Kingdom of Europe was located in the West. According to reading of page 45, "the Holy Roman Emperor, the Emperor of Byzantium, the Doge of Venice, and the kings of England, France, Castille and Portugal" weren't invited in Beijing to pay homage to the Emperor Zhu Di, on the Chinese New Year's Day. They were not invited because they were the backward states, lacking trade goods and didn't have any scientific knowledge, and therefore was ranked low on the Chinese emperor's scale of priorities. Moreover, when I looked at the map in MWH, I could tell that the states mentioned earlier are mostly closely located, in the North-Western side.

Territories of Dynasties in China picture shows and tells me that most of the dynasties started small but became big after time. First, in 1000 BCE, Zhou dynasty started out, not so large. Then, in 350 BCE, about 14 warring states appeared. The Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty increased its size, and the three kingdoms (Wei, Shu, Wu) appeared. Next, the Sui and Tang Dynasty became very large. However, after time, Yuan Dynasty became the largest state in 1294. After, Ming Dynasty, Qing Dnyasty, also arose. Then eventually, it led to the present, People's Republic of China.

The picture of Silk Road tells me that the Silk Road actually was a web of many route that goes even through modern countries. The Silk Road starts from the Xian, and it stretches out to Kashgar, then New Saral, Babylon, Jerusalem, and even Damascus. It reaches near the Mediterranean Sea and Caspian Sea. It really shows me how important the Silk Road was.

The European city population in 1400-1600 shows me how the population in 1400 and 1600 differ. By just looking at the diagram, I could just realize that the populations overall are the same.

Comparing the two maps, old and modern, I see that some places are gone or renamed. Also, it could be tell that the area has decreased. Places such as Andingmen has gone. Moreover, the temples of Earth has disappeared. There are other temples, and I could assume that the temples are newly renamed or they are just different temples. According to the new map, the distance between such temples and the Forbidden City is smaller compared to the old map. It tells that the area around has decreased.

Extending the Great wal from 5,000kms to 6,500kms doesn't mean that the wall is 6,400km long. If it was 6,400km long itself, then it would stretch along to the Saudi Arabia. The diagram shows me that the Ming and Jin Great Wall stretched out the most, while on the other side, Pre-Qin walls are the shortest.

The picture of Prime Meridian picture shows that the Prime Meridian stretches from North to South pole. Howver, only by the picture, we can't tell if it goes around the whole globe. However, I could assume that it doesn't. Also, we could not tell where it starts from. The equator is the imaginary line all around the globe.

The picture of the Grand Canal shows me how big and stretched out it was. It starts from Hangzhou and it passes many different places, and reaches Tianjin, and then Beijing.


 * September 4 2011**
 * The Spread of Islams**

The three maps of the spread of Islam shows that the Umayyad Empire was a large portion of land during its time, also meaning that the Umayyad Empire was the biggest empire of its time. It also shows that in the period of the Abassid Empire, the areas of it decreased but still remained its large size.

[[image:Screen_Shot_2011-08-22_at_10.53.03_PM.png width="511" height="382"]]
The picture above is the picture of my mom's degree from Michigan State University. This is a primary source beacause the degree was made and written in 1999, just for my mom. This really means a lot to my mom because it shows and proves how much she has put effort into her studying and how hard she tried. She really values this degree paper, and she is proud to have this.

[[image:Screen_Shot_2011-08-22_at_10.52.35_PM.png width="234" height="346"]][[image:Screen_Shot_2011-08-22_at_10.52.48_PM.png width="407" height="304"]]
The picture on the left shows my mom getting the degree from the professor. If you look closely, you could tell that "Michigan State University" is written. She is receiving the degree and as you can see from the picture, she very much enjoys it and she is excited. I personally love that picture and I really think that it's cool to see her actually getting the degree. On the right side, that is a picture of my mom and dad, who both got the degree. These two pictures are all primary sources because it was taken at the time where my mom actually got the degree.

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Hogflesh was punished by convicting for heretical beliefs and saying that Christ’s body was not present in the Eucharist. From the church, he was forced to renounce his beliefs and declare it publicly, if not, was threatened to be placed upon a stack of faggots and burn to death. By this article, the historians are telling the consequences of what different beliefs could lead to and also trying to show how religious beliefs were important in past.=====

This is not the main point of the article.

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John Arnold described that the role of the historian is to read records and report on what he or she finds there, and thus inform the wider world about the past. Also, he concluded that historians treat their sources with fidelity. I definitely agree with his assumptions and I really think that those are the important things to keep in mind as a historian. Historians can also have other roles, such as analyzer. Historians should know how to keep things organized, deciding what to write and not write.=====

Arnold actually identifies at least NINE roles of a historian. I do like your comment that a historian can be an analyzer, organizer, and selector.

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“Treating their sources with fidelity” means that historians do not pretend and make up things that they are not sure of. This is very important because this decides whether the source is reliable or not, and people cannot learn things in past that are made up.=====

Good answer!

=
A single event can be interpreted in lots of ways by different historians. Each historians have different environment, beliefs, and ideas. Therefore, their perspective point of view could all differ and can create same events but interpreted differently. Also, each historians could think of same events differently, based on their experiences and what they saw.=====

You have not talked about an event in YOUR life.

=
Talk to a family member or friend about something that happened to you both a long time ago. Examine how you both remember the incident and write about it. With that in mind, when attaching meaning to history, is it possible for a historian to be completely objective? Use examples from the incident you just discussed to reinforce your response.=====

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When I was 7 years old, I lost my mom in the mall and it was really terrible. For a hour, I couldn’t find my mom. I was tying my shoe laces and when I looked back up, my mom was gone and it was so scary for me. After a hour or more, she called the police and police found me and my mom was really crying hard. Every time me and mom talks about this event, my mom always scolds me for not following her closely. On the other side, I always oppose to her, saying that I said “wait”, but she was the one who didn’t hear it. From my point of view, I believe that it is impossible for a historian to be completely objective because each person has different ideas and beliefs, and also a different perspective point of view.=====

=
What problems may arise when historians practice subjective history? In what ways may subjective history be beneficial to the study of history? Think back to the incident you just discussed with your family member or friend. Why did it make sense for you to remember the event the way you did and for the other person to remember it the way he or she did? What does this tell us about history?=====

=
When historians practice subjective history, they could be really biased and it is easy and common to find writings written in the writer’s point of view. Subjective history could be beneficial to the study of history because as said on number 4, a single event could be written in various kinds of point of view, interpreted differently. In the incident that I just discussed about can show two sides of the story. It can be written in my point of view, where my mom was the one who lost me, or it could be written in my mom’s point of view, where I was the one who lost her. In conclusion, I think this tells us that the history could be biased and different even with the same event, depending on the writer or the interpreter.=====

Great answer!

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Historian could be a storyteller because historians actually tells different kinds of engaging stories to people and shares information with others. As we talked about this in class, history is not just all about memorizing and learning, but it has to do with being engaging and wide open for people to understand and enjoy. I believe that even if some informations about the same events are different, I still think that all versions could be trusted. The versions are different because it has been interpreted differently with different perspective point of view, however, they all wrote the histories according to their own sources.=====

Yup.

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After reading all the articles and filling out the questions, I actually made some changes of what I think about the historians. I realized that there are many roles of historians and that they could be different and not always the same. In fact, usually, it’s different. I’ve always thought that history is “history”, not changing, accurate, and always the same for different kinds of people. However, I noticed that writings could be biased and that the writings could be also written in different perspective points of view, depending on the author.=====

Good.

9/10